Anatomy & Physiology Ch. 1c (basic life processes and homeostasis)
Terms
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- metabolism
-
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the human body
there are 2 phases
catabolism
anabolism - basic life processes
-
certain processes that distinguish organisms (living things) from non-living things
there are 6 important life processes of the human body -
catabolism
catabol=throwing down; ism=condition - the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
-
anabolism
anobol=raising up; ism=condition - building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
- responsiveness
- body's ability to detect and respond to changes
- movement
- includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
- growth
-
increase in body size that results from an increase in
size of existing cells,
number of cells, or both;
also tissue can increase because the amount of material between cells increases - differentiation
-
development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
unspecialized presursor cells (ancestor cells)
aka: stem cells - reproduction
-
formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or
the production of a new individual - homeostasis
-
a dynamic condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment
due to interplay of the body's regulatory processes - body fluids
-
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals
found inside cells as well as surrounding them -
intracellular fluid
intra=inside -
ICF
fluid within cells -
extracellular fluid
extra=outside -
ECF
fluid within cells - interstitial fluid
-
ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
aka
the body's internal environment - blood plasma
- ECF within blood vessels
- lymph
- ECF within lymphatic vessels
- cerebrospinal fluid
- ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
- synovial fluid
- ECF in joints
- aqueous humor and vitreous body
- ECF of the eyes
-
feedback system
aka
feedback loop -
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed,
remonitored, reevaluated ... - controlled condition
- monitored variable in a feedback system
- stimulus
- any disruption that changes the controlled condition of a feedback system
-
3 basic components of a
feedback system -
receptor
control center
effector - receptor
- monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
- control center
-
sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained;
evaluates the input it receives from receptors;
generates output commands when needed, usually in the form of
nerve impulses or hormones - effector
-
body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
nearly every organ of tissue can behave as an effector - negative feedback system
-
reverses a change in a controlled condition-
the response will slow and then stop as the controlled condition returns to normal-
regulates conditions in the body that remain fairly stable
(ie. blood pressure, temperature...) - positive feedback system
-
strengthen or reinforces a change in a controlled condition-
continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism-
reinforces conditions that do not happen very often
(ie. blood loss, childbirth...) - disorder
- any abnormality of structure or function
- disease
- illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
- local disease
- disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body
- systemic disease
- disease that affects the entire body or several parts of it
- symptoms
- subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer
- signs
-
objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure; they can be
anatomical(ie. swelling or rash)
physiological (ie. fever, high blood pressure, paralysis) -
epidemiology
epi=upon; demi=people - science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
-
pharmacology
pharmac= drug - science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
-
diagnosis
dia=through; gnosis=knowledge - science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another