Ecology and Enviroment Test 2
Terms
-
age of the earth
- 4.6 BYA
- anapsids
-
all extinct except for turtles
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animals evolve from protists
-
650 mYA
originally not very advanced, but lots of variety
ex. hydra (mini squid)
in about 10 my the started to diversify, but still rare in number because of harsh conditions on earth
-
bacteria on earth
-
3.7-2 BYA
- brush turkeys
- make mounds, females choose the best mounds, get to lay and egg there if the male gets to mate with them.
- cambrian explosion
-
550mya
huge explosion of diversity resulting in the ancestors of everything we see today. lots of experamentation, so lots of critters we won't see again today.
proof found in:
the Burgess Shale (canadian rockies) 520mya
- cephalization
-
evolution of the head and tail- perception, eating, and movement during the cambrian explosion
- cham-
- has cartilage
- chlamydomonas
- an alga which has a plus and minus gender. chloroplasts engage in a war killing 95% of them and the plus overwhelms the minus. compares it to romeo and juliet (102)
- coelomization
-
evolution of the gut- digestion and energy use
during the cambrian explosion
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colonial organism
-
sponges for example- can be put into a blender and will grow back together, because they are not fully dependent upon one another. they started to evolve the dependence however, as time went on and they aggregated together.
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conjugation
-
reproduction by bacteria by means of a pipe between bacterium
-
cretaceous I
-
75 mya, angiosperms: flowering plants. new reproductive method, reliant on insects for reproduction
-
cretaceous/ tertiary
-
65mya space rock, birds and mammals take advantage
- crossing over
-
swapping of genes
- current # of vertebrates
-
56,000 total species
- diapsids
-
reptile category, lizards, dinosaurs, crocs, snakes
-
diploid
-
2 copies of the dna- what is made in the female after sex, one from mother, other from sperm
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early carboniferous
-
325 mya
carboniferous aphibians, like the euryops, frogs, toads, salamanders, they move out because theres food! insects have been around for 100 my!
-
early devonian II
-
armored fish, most fresh and saltwater fish, eels and sharks, JAWED FISH
- earth habitable
-
4 BYA
-
elephant seals v the albatross v sage grouse
- elephant seals gather and gather a harem, the albatross conversely remains faithful to one their whole life. the sage grouse gathers in a flek, females all go after one, copy each others preferences.
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end permian extinction
-
248mya
95% of all species extinct
50% of families gone
plants insects, reptiles going extinct, amphibians and marine life very hard hit
-
energy hypothesis/ reproductive assymetry
- Trivers: the sex which puts hte least amount of energy is rewarded the most by seeking quantity rather than quality
- eukaryotes
-
pretty much everything else; plant, animal, fungi. generally require oxygen, hence their first appearance at 2.0bya
-
first eukaryotes
-
mitochondria and chloroplast at 2.0bya
these first ones are known as protists
- Fisher
-
sexy son, good taste theory
- four commandments of mating system theory
-
1. If Females can do better in a monogamous relationship, they will enter tht unless
2. the male coerces them otherwise.
3.If females do no worse in going with already married males, polygamy results.
4. Unless the already mated female -
fungi and plants evolve from protists
-
500 mya
-
Hamilton-Zek parasite theory
-
females continue to remain choosey, do the traits represent disease resistance?
sometimes the extra features can hurt survival however.
-
haploid
-
what gets sent for fertalization, just one copy.
-
hominid evolution I
-
4mya. The first step in evolution was standing upright, NOT brain development
specialized limbs
-
jungle climate
- 10mya lots of apes!
-
jurassic
-
150mya
despite diapsid domination, synapids begin evlution into mammals
-
Late carboniferous
-
300mya
reptiles!
-
late devonian
-
350 mya
lobed fish, coelacanth- possible predecessor of the amphibian
acanthostega- "fish with fingers" transitional form
-
lek paradox
- eventually if these birds keep lekking, there will be no difference between males and choosig will loose its purpose.
-
life on earth
-
3.7 BYA
-
location of early animals
-
mostly acquatic, however, some bacteria may have lived on land
- male/female ratios in oppossums
-
trivers-willard; well fed opossums more likely to have males because they are more likely to have a harem.
-
multicellular life evolves
-
1 BYA, as told by fossils
- neanderthals
-
25,000 ya extinct
- oste-
-
skeletal with bones
- pikia
- ~550 mya from burgess shale, ancestor of possibly al vertebrates, like the modern lancelet
-
Plants
- evolved around 550-500mya from protists, used sunlight as their primary source of energy
-
problem with oxygen
-
highly electromagnetic, so it steals electrons, killing many bacteria because it basically acted like a poison. some bacteria adapt
little oxygen at 3.7bya
bacteria produce it as a byproduct of sunlight based metabolism aroudn 2.7 bya
- prokaryotes
-
singe celled organisms: bacteria mostly
10 times as much biomass as eukaryotes
- protists
-
- the first single celled organisms
all sorts of shapes and sizes, some animal like, some plant like, some mobile, some stationary
-
reproductive assymetry
-
women are what prevent males from reaching their sexual potential. for the greater chance of carrying on liniage, have more males!
-
residual uncertainty
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the fact that males will take care of children even though they have no idea if it is in fact their offspring or not.
- segmentation
-
development of segmens during the cambrian explosion
-
slipper limpet (crepidula forniaca)
- begins as a male on a rock until another male lands on it, and then it becomes female, and so on.
- stromatolite
-
layer of bacteria living over a rock. over time, gets layered on top of, and crystalizes, forming more rock. continues outward.
3.7 BYO
-
symmetry
- Moller + Pomlankowski: the most symmetrical bodies are often the most attractive- least stress, better grooming, etc. Also did experaments with extended tails, etc.
- synapsids
- reptile category, all extinct, but mammals are descendents from them
-
the early devonian I
- 400mya- trilobites and others go extinct, ferns on land, arthropods evolve, 10-12 ft long marine scorpions
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the ordovican
-
450 mya- moss on land, first fish, lots of armor, coral reefs
-
the permian
-
290-248mya
synapsids were the first big category because they werre good at thermal regulation, like dimetrodon.
-
transposons
-
jumping genes, discovered by Hickey and Rose which can jump out of chromosomes and into others; parasitic genes often
-
triassic I
-
225mya
Diapsids the winner this time, dinosaurs! eventually evolve to take over water, land, and air.
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triassic II
-
225 mya
Gymnosperms: pines, firs, cycads, redwoods- seeds tolerable of dry conditions
- Trivers- Williard
-
thought that there is someway for animals to control the gender- (the president phenomenon for example)
chooses based on whats best for the circumstances- its a way to have the most grandchildren
good condtion parents will have males, bad
- Trivers-Willard
-
thought that there is someway for animals to control the gender- (the president phenomenon for example)
chooses based on whats best for the circumstances- its a way to have the most grandchildren
- Wallace
-
good-gene theory
-
ways of determining gender
-
1. by those around (slipper limpet)
2. by enviroment (temp or what not, not very advantageous, some fish and reptiles and such)
3. the mother chooses (monogonant rotifers- bees, wasps- unfertilized= femail, fertilized= male)
&
-
ways to find out humans mating system:
-
1. Study modern people and their habits.
2.Look at human history
3. Look at current simple societies to try to conjecture about the past.
4. Look at our closest relatives, the apes. (though we can't perform like they can)
5.
-
when choosing is cheap vs expensive
- ornaments dominate when choosing is cheap, good genes dominate when choosing is expensive
-
xy chromosomes
- start off x from mom. dad either contributes x or y.