Brain Parts and Functions

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Validity: Experiment accurately measures data related to a problem
The Cohort Sequential Design: Combines features of longitudonal and cross-sectional
Fontanels: Gaps in head bones of a newborn, "soft spots"
Corpus Callosum: Connects two hemispheres of brain
Developmental Science: ?????
2 Types of Brain Development: 1) Experience-Expectant 2) Experience Dependent
Germinal Period: 8-10 days after conception, cleavage, totipotent stem cells, implantation
Superior Colliculus: Coordination of Visual Information
Inferior Colliculus: Coordination of Auditory Information, Found in mesencephalon layer
4 Categories of Grand Theories: 1) Psychodynamic 2) Social Learning 3) Piaget's Constructivist Theory 4) Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Nucleus: Vowel that the syllable revolves around BEAR= E
Syntax: The grammar of a language and its rules for sentences
Phonems: Basic language sounds that vary based on language
3 Parts of a Syllable: Nucleus, Rime, and Onset
Morphology: The system of rules for how words are formed from morphemes
Gross Motor: Involve the large muscles and make locomotion possible ex. creeping/crawling/walking
Babinski: Tickle foot= toes go out then curl in
Aggregation: Cells form identifiable parts of the brain, start of specific brain divisions
Visual capacities of Infants: Not very well developed
Amygdala: Emotions and Emotional Memory, Regulates heartbeat, CHOCOLATE
Umbilical Chord: Links embryo to the outside of the womb via the placenta
Rime: The vowel-consonant sounds that is the rhyme BEAR= EAR
Embryonic Period: Until 8th week, Sexual Differentiation, Amnion, Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm, Placenta, Umbilical Chord
Triangulation: Combination of 2 or more observation techniques
Implicit Memory: Ability to recognize objects and events that have been previously experienced
Tertiary Circular Reasoning: Deliberate variation of action to solve problems/ explore world
3 Main Parts of the Central Nervous System: 1) Spinal Chord 2) Brain Stem 3) Cerebral Cortex
Pons: Reticular Formation, Involved in Attention
Information Processing Theories: Concerned with how information flows through the developing child's mutual system
Occipital Lobes: VISUAL systems, Lateral Genticulate
POSSUM: Phonology and Pragmatics, Orthography, Semantics, Syntax, (u stands for unn), Morphology
2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT: 1) Learn why 2) Learn how to improve/intervene
Tasting abilities of Infants: Can taste well, but preferences depend on pre-natal diet of mother
Myelination/ Neuronal Transmission: Cells begin to fire and myelination occurs, Specialization and communication
Mesencephalon: Superior Colliculi (Reading), Tectum, Tegmentum, Inferior Colliculi, 3rd Layer of Brain, RAS
Intermediate Allele: Black + White= Gray
Object Permanence: The baby's understanding that an object still exists after it is out of sight, Sign that mental representation is happening
Sensitive Period: When certain things will have more impact at certain times [ex. language]
Babbling: Linguistic form of communication for babies as proven by the right side of the mouth= left side lateralization= linguistic
Monitoring/Evaluating Sensory Capacities of Infants: 1) Response to Stimulus 2) Preference of Stimulus 3) Habituation/ Dishabituation
Lateral Genticulate nucleus: Found in Diencephalon in the thalamus, coordinates everything visual, especially important for reading
Critical Period: A period of growth during which something must happen or a behavior will not develop (not a life or death situation necessarily)
Fine Motor Skills: Involve the development/ coordination of small muscles ex. holding spoon
Plasticity: The degree to which and conditions under which development is open to change and/or intervention
Mediation: How cultures organize people's activities and ways of relating to their environments
Glia: Cells that guide neurons to their location and protect and heal them
Intentionality: Sub-stage 4, Ability to engage in behaviors to achieve a goal
Secondary Circular Reactions: Sub-stage 3, Babies repeat actions to see consequences
Visually-Guided Reaching: Babies can use feedback from their vision to get closer to an object
Graphemes: The smallest sounds or phonemes in a language
Phonemes: Individual Sounds
Waddington's Landscape: Demonstrated phenotypic plasticity but didn't show how much influence the individual has
Metencephalon: Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata, R.A.S.
Monozygotic Twins: Come from the same egg that is fertilized by one sperm and then splits in half, Identical Twins
Sensorimotor Intelligence: Only understand things through actions and perceptions, cannot think about people or things that are not present to be "analyzed"
Rooting: Rub a baby's cheek= turn head and suck (used for nursing)
Semantics: The system for meaning
Representation: Able to form mental symbols and present experiences to oneself mentally
Teratogens: Environmental or lifestyle factors of the mother than can be harmful to the baby
Neuron: A nerve cell that receives information from its dendrites and sends it through its axon
Cocaine: Irritable baby, slower learner, stroke
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Nature and Nurture interact directly through culture
Schema: A mental structure that provides a model for understanding
Modeling: Children observe and imitate others
Kinship Studies: Determine the amount ot which relatives of varying degrees of genetic closeness are similar in a certain trait
Domains: Major Areas of Development
Alcohol: Spontaneous abortion, fetal alcohol syndrome, retardation
Induction: Cells form the groove that becomes the neural tube, FOLIC ACID NEEDED
Adoption Studies: Children who have been reared apart from their biological parents are compared?????
Diencephalon: 2nd layer of brain, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Lateral Genticulate Nucleus
6 Rules for Teratogens: 1) Developmental Stage of exposure 2) Each teratogen causes a particular pattern of abnormal development 3) Individuals vary in their susceptibility to teratogen agents (dep. on mother) 5) The greater the concentration of teratogenic agents, the greater the risk 6) Some teratogens can have HUGE effects on the embryo eve if they have little or temporary effect on the mother
Modern Theories: 1) Evolutionary Theories 2) Information Processing Theories 3) Systems Theories 4) Critical Theories
Moro: When dropped= Arms out and then in
Wernicke's Area: Language Comprehension and Semantic Processing, Expression
Morphemes: Stems, prefixes that precede the stem, suffixes after the stem
Temperament: An individual's emotional and behavioral characteristics that appear to be consistent across situations and somewhat stable over time
Piaget's Constructivist Theory: When children's gaining of knowledge is a creative process of invention of reality, STAGES of development
Migration: Cells begin to move to their locations according to genetic instructions via Glia
Operant Conditioning: The kind of conditioning that gives rise to new and more complex behaviors (behaviors are shaped by their consequences/reinforcements)
Substantia Nigra: Produces melanin, Involved in motor muscle coordination
Fetal Period: 8th or 9th week until birth, Sensory capacities, pruning, neural development, fetal movement
4 Phases of the Developing Attention Span: 1) Stimulus Detection Reflex 2) Stimulus Orienting, baby fixed on stimulus 3) Sustained attention, Voluntary, hard to distract baby from stimulus 4) Attention Termination, Still looking at object, but no longer processing information
Adjustment: Cells adjust to environmental stimulation, formation of cell assemblies
Canalized Traits: Follow a strictly defined path regardless of environment
Mutations: ???
Broca's Area: Speech, Grammatical Function and Phonology
Limbic System: Bridge between Diencephalon and Telencephalon, EMOTIONS, Amygdala, Hippocampus
4 Reflexes Newborns Have: Sucking, Rooting, Moro, Babinski
Experience-Expectant Development: Those that anticipate experiences that normally are universal ex. Brain prepares itself for language
3 main determinants of temperament: Reactivity, Affect, Self-regulation
A-Not-B Error: When an object originally in A is hidden in spot B and the baby looks for it in spot A
Adaptations: The strengthening of the schema through assimilation and accomodation
Piaget's 8 Stages of Brain Development: 1) Induction 2) Proliferation 3) Migration 4) Aggregation 5) Differentiation 6) Myelenation 7) Pruning 8) Adjustment
Tegmentum: ??????
Experience-Dependent Development: Synapses are not built until a specific experience happens
Requirements of a Good Experiment: Objectivity, Replicability, Reliability, Validity
Four Lobes of the Brain: Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, Parietal
Neural Tube: Formed during Induction of the 8 stages, Brain stem and Brain, FOLIC ACID NEEDED
Angular Gyrus: Cortical Switchboard Involved in Coordination of Linguistic Information, Meeting place of the temporal, parietal and OCCIPITAL lobe. Crucial in reading and writing
Apgar scale: Assesses baby's condition via heart rate, color, reflexes, respertory system, and muscle tone
Differentiation: Cells know in which of the 6 layers of the cortex they should be located and begin to form them
Telencephalon: Outermost layer of Cortex, contains cerebral cortex, limbic system and the striatum
Hippocampus: Memory Storage, Located in Diencephalon
Naturalistic Observations: Watch children in everyday life and record it
Accomodation: Modification of schema to combine new and old experiences
Replicability: Other Scientists able to redo the experiment and get the same result
Milestones of physical development in infancy: Double Check
Auditory capacities of Infants: EXCELLENT, very well developed
Bio-Social behavioral shift: ?????
5 Layers of the Brain: 1) Telencephalon 2) Diencephalon 3) Mesencephalon 4) Metencephalon 5) Myelencephalon
Myelencephalon: Medulla, Where Brain Stem meets spinal chord, 5th layer of the brain, RAS
Dynamic Systems Approach: Actions of infants on tests result from their experiences with certain objects, their memory of experiences, and their current motor skills
Explicit Instruction: When children are purposefully taught to use the symbolic and material resources of their culture, Makes it possible to teach children about things not in their environment
Pre-Reaching: When baby's reach for something but can't get it
Cerebral Cortex: Telencephalon, Outermost layer, complex motor sequences, planning, decision making, speech, TWO HALVES WITH FOUR LOBES!
Occiotemporal Zone: Word Forming Area
Behavioral Modification: Technique for breaking the associations between behaviors and the environmental consequences that control them
Proliferation: Cells divide to increase in number
Parietal Lobes: Taste, Touch, Spatial Cognition, LANGUAGE, Calculation
Material Tools: Cultural tools including physical objects and observable patterns of behavior (family routines, social practices)
Intermodal Perception: The simultaneous perception of of an object or event by more than one sensory system (ex. textured pacifiers)
Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale: Assessess\ neurological state of at risk baby's via orientation to audio/visual inanimate objects, pull-to-sit, self quieting activity, cuddliness, defensive movements
Frontal Lobes: EXECUTIVE SYSTEM, Attention, Short Term Memory, Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area
Proposed reasons for A-Not-B Error: 1) Piaget= The child remembers the object but can't reason where it went 2) They do not remember object 3) Preservation= Habit (i.e. capture errors)
The Great Debate: About how thinking progresses during the 1st 2 years of life (Piaget vs. Born with conceptuality)
Codominant Allele: Both alleles expressed
Reliability: Same results able to be attained over and over again
Critical Theories: Address cultural factors/biases/influences on a child's development
Social Enhancement: Children use cultural resources because the activities of others make them available
Hypothalamus: The 4 "F"s, and Vital Signs, Connects brain with petuitary gland
Continuous: An accumulation of small, gradual changes, QUANTITATIVE
Types of Learning: 1) Classical Conditioning 2) Operant Conditioning
Placenta: Exchanges nutrients/o2/waste between mother and fetus and FILTERS the two bloodstreams
Onset: 1st phoneme or phoneme cluster that precedes the rhyme BEAR = B
Thalamus: Nucleus of Brain, Lateral Genticulate Nucleus, VISUAL
Piaget's Theory of Developing Action: Referred to infancy as the Sensorimotor stage because adaptation consists largely of coordinating sensory perceptions and motor responses
The Microgenetic Design: Focuses on a child's development over a short span of time (hours, days)
Temporal Lobes: AUDITORY systems, Medial Genticulate, Wernicke's Area
REVIEW THE SECRET LIFE OF THE BRAIN: NOW
Cerebellum: TIMING and Motor Coordination
Phenotypic Plasticity: The degree to which the phenotype is able to be influenced by environmental factors
Tectum: Houses colliculi, Involved in visual activities???
Reticular Activating System: Reflexes. Attention, etc., Found in metencephalon layer of brain
Objectivity: No biases or unintended data taking preference
Reticular Activating System: Important with attention and reflexes, Found amongst all three M layers
Brain Stem: Controls reflexive things like sucking and blinking, but also important things like sleeping and breathing
Research Designs: 1)The Longitudonal Design 2) Cross-Sectional Design 3) The Cohort Sequential Design 4) The Microgenetic Design
Caffeine: Spontaneous Abortion, low birth weight
Primary Circular Reactions: Sub-stage 2, Newborns modify and repeat pleasureful actions
Twin studies: Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins of the same sex are compared with each other and family on a certain trait BEWARE: Only can show nurture, not necessarily nature
Tobacco: Low birth weight, death
Discontinuous/ Stages: A series of abrupt, radical transformations, QUALITATIVE
Conceptuality from Birth side of the Great Debate: Ability to represent /understand the world is there from birth/early in development
Violation of Expectations method: Test of mental representation in which a child is habituated to a certain event then presented with a possible and an impossible version(s) of it (carrot too tall ex.)
9 traits of temperament: Activity level, rhythmicity, approach withdrawl, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractability, attention span/ persistence
Social Learning Theories: Learning involves modifying behavior by forming associations between observable behavior and its consequences, [Rewards, punishment, reinforcement], Watson [A child can be trained to do anything], Skinner [Lump of Clay Analogy], Bandura [Modeling and Self-Efficacy]
Classical Conditioning: Learning in which previously existent behaviors come to be associated with and elicited by a new stimuli, Pairing a conditional stimulus (tone of bell) with an unconditional stumulus (food in mouth)
Psychodynamic Theories: Understanding development via a person's life experiences, Freud [Psycho-sexual], Erikson [Psycho-cultural]
Clinical Observations: Asking questions
Phonology: The study of melody, rhythm, sonority, stresses, and pauses and the rules about how phonemes form syllables and words
6 sub-stages of Piaget's Sensorimotor Period: 1) Control and Coordinate Reflexes 2) Primary Circular Reactions 3) Secondary Circular Reactions 4) Intentionality 5) Tertiary Circular Reactions 6) Representation
KNOW GENETIC DISORDERS FROM CHAPTER 3: >>>>
Explicit Memory: Ability to recall absent objects and events without any clear reminder
Types of Observations: 1) Naturalistic 2) Clinical 3) Traingulation
Spinal Chord: Bundle of nerves encased in spine, carries information to/from body and brain
Symbolic Tools: Cultural tools such as abstract knowledge, beliefs, and values
Self-Efficacy: People's beliefs about their ability to deal with the environment
Ectopias: Cells that try to disrupt cll organization
Ethical Standards: Freedom from harm, Informed consent, Confidentiality
Angular Gyrus: Where Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital Nodes meet, CRUCIAL for reading and writing
Orthography: Rules for the Written Language
Pruning: Cell death occurs and is not based on environmental factors
6 Principles of the Brain: 1) SA because of big folds 2) 5 layers 3) 2 hemispheres that work together 4) Neurons are connected by crosslayers, horizontally, vertically 5) Cortex has 6 layers 5) 4 Lobes of Brain
Ways of Measuring Performance/ Development: 1) Violation of expectations Method 2) Dynamic Systems Approach 3) The Role of Experience
Medulla: Involved in Heart Rate, Respiration, Digestion, and Muscle Tone
The Longitudonal Design: Collect information from groups of people as they grow older, BUT beware of $$, Selective dropout, Cohorts
Systems Theories: View development through systems and their parts, A) Dynamic Systems Theory [Physics, Math, MOTOR SKILLS] B) Ecological Systems Theory [Based on Biology/Environmental Contexts]
Assimilation: Incorporation of new experiences into schema
Evolutionary Theories: Explain human behavior in terms of how it contributes to the survival of the species and that look at how our evolutionary past influences individual development
Associative Learning: ex. Babies are afraid/wary of heights ????
Coevolution: How biology and culture interact ex. Lactose tolerance in nomads

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