intro to cognitive psych
Terms
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- cognitive psych
- study of mental processes by which humans learn about and interact with the world
- Rationalism
- According to Plato, we are born with all possible knowledge, and learning is a matter of discovering what we already know by means of logical analysis.
- empirical observation
- According to Aristotle, we gain knowledge by observing the world.
- Aristotle
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(ca. 384-322 B.C.) believed that the objects in the world are the only reality
- Plato
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(ca. 428-348 B.C.) believed that objects in the world were a pale reflection of abstract “formsâ€
- René Descartes
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(1596-1650) argued that we can be fooled by our senses and must rely on pure logic as the basis for knowledge (I think; therefore I am)
- Continental Rationalism
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René Descartes argued that we must use pure logic as the basis for knowledge
- John Locke-British Empiricism
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(1632-1704) argued that our minds begin as a tabula rasa (blank slate) and that we learn simply by forming associations between primitive sensory inputs
- Immanuel Kant
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(1724-1804) created a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. He argued that neither pure empiricism nor pure rationalism is sufficient
- pure concepts of the understanding
- Kant argued that we need some basic rules so that we can organize our experiences into knowledge
- Structuralism
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In the late 19th Century, Wilhelm Wundt advocated introspection as a means of discovering the basic structures of the mind
Problem: Lack of replication
- William James
- summarized the field of psychology in his 1890 book, Principles of Psychology, which described many experimental studies of cognition.
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Associationism
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Hermann von Ebbinghaus took a more rigorous approach of self-experimentation with serious analyses of behavior and memory.
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Karl Popper
Falsifiability -
believed that if a theory doesn’t make predictions, it isn’t good science
-Scientific theories must be testable
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Pavlov
classical conditioning -
When a US automatically evokes a UR, a stimulus that consistently precedes the unconditioned stimulus (CS) will eventually evoked an anticipatory response (CR)
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Thorndike
instrumental conditioning -
Behaviors that are rewarded increase in frequency
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John Watson
radical behaviorism
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Thinking is just subvocalization
- B.F. Skinner
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-continues the push for “radical behaviorismâ€
-No mental processes, just S-R relations
-All behavior (even language) is the result of classical and instrumental/operant conditioning
- Edward C. Tolman
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internal representations very useful for explaining behavior
-Cognitive maps
- Noam Chomsky
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refutes Skinner’s attempts to explain language in “Verbal Behaviorâ€
Lack of overt reinforcement in language learning
We can easily generate novel, rule-based sentences
- Alan Turing
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In the 1920’s and 1930’s, developed the “Turing machine,†a simple computer design that permits formal proofs to be made. In 1950, Turing proposed a simple test (now know as the “Turing Testâ€): An examiner communicates with a computer or a person through a keyboard and monitor, and tries to guess whether it is a person or a computer by asking various questions
- David Marr
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proposes three interacting levels of explanation for cognitive processes:
-Computational
-Algorithmic
-Implementational
- Dorsal/Ventral
- up and down
- Rostral/Caudal
- front and back
- Superior/Inferior
- top and bottom
- Anterior/Posterior
- front and back
- Horizontal/Axial slice
- seperating superior from inferior
- Sagital slice
- seperating right from left
- Coronal slice
- seperating anterior form posterior
- Gyri
- ridges
- Sucli
- depression
- Fissures
- deep depressions
- Cortical regions
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-visual cortext
-auditory cortext
-association areas
-somatosensory cortext
-motor cortext
-frontal cortext
-corpus callosum - visual cortex
- occipital lobe - visual processing
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association areas
- pre occipital lobe- produces a meaningful perceptual experience of the world, enable us to interact effectively, and support abstract thinking
- Somatosensory cortex
- [postcentral gyrus] right hemisphere toward the back – detects sensory info from the body
- Motor Cortex
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just before the central sulcus
-impulses from the nerve centers to the muscles - Prefrontal cortex
- very front of the brain -responsible for the executive functions, which include mediating conflicting thoughts, making choices, predicting future events, and governing social control
- Subcortical regions
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Basal ganglia - Thalamus
- relay station -at the top of the brainstem
- Hypothalamus
- regulation of the body -below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasma
- Brain stem
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(vital functions, communication with body)
- Cerebellum
- motor control and cognition
- Limbic system
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memory and emotional processing
- Basal ganglia
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motor control and cognition -ear shaped deep within the cerebral hemispheres
- Contralateral Organization
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The left side of the brain receives inputs from the right side of space and controls the muscles of the right side of the body
The right side of the brain receives inputs from the left side of space and controls the muscles of the left side of the body