Astronomy Test 3 2

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jupiter's color bands: due to photo-chemical reactions or lightning
jupiter's giant red spot: high pressure storm --8km ABOVE surrounding clouds
larger than earth
varies in size & color
cooler than surrounding regions
since 1664 -- continues becfause of incredible depth
jupiter's rotation: differential rotation
jupiter's composition: mostly solar
75% H; 24% He
rocky core, liquid metallic H, molecular H
jupiter's magnetic field: strontest in s.s.
rotation and conductive fluid
jupiter's auroras: protons & heavy elements from moons
jupiter's internal heat source & energy: twice the expected emission
possible sources of jupiter's internal heat fource: chemical - not right stuff
radioactivity - probably minor
nuclear fusion [fusing together, readioactive breakdown] - not right conditions
gravitational contraction - doesn't appear to be shrinking
RESIDUAL HEAT FROM FORMATION
saturn's color: bands & bluer color because photochemical reactionwith sun does not occur as often
saturn's composition: likely solar;much like jupiter
less He by a factor of -2 compared to sun/jupiter
less metallic H than jupiter b/c of pressure
second biggest
saturns's weather: banding exhists, less than jupiter
less light, colder, strong winds
storms come and go [longer than earth, shorter the jupiter]
saturn's magnetic field: smaller magnetic field than jupiter
less fluid, auroras still occur
saturn's internal energy source: twice the expected emission from planet
source of saturn's energy: no residual heat b/c less massive
GRAVITATIONAL ENERY --> TERMAL He RAIN
uranus color: blue becaus too far from sun for brown
methane absorbs red light & reflects blue
nearly featureless
banded ammonia clouds below methane haze
uranus' composition: likely solar
may have a substantial layer of water, highly condensed
possibly smaller rocky core based on density
possible small rocky core based on density
uranus' magnetic field: strength much like saturn's
water can conduct
uranus' axises: magnetic field and axis of rotation off by 55 degrees
possibly indicated dynamo in mantle vs. core
uranus' rotation: tilt of 98 degrees
since over 90 degrees N pole is below --> rotating backwards
effects of uranus' extreme tilt: extreme seasons & days
days are years on earth, then spring/fall 7 hr. day/nights
LONGER SIDEREAL DAY THAN SOLAR
uranus' temperature, heatsource and weather: temperature the same in both hemispheres - mixing
no enternal heat source
no weather
uranus' rings: detected b/c starts are blocked by rings
characteristics of neptune: blue b/c of methane
weather b/c of interal heat source
neptune's white cloud bands: methane crystales?
above other clouds (shadows)
neptune's dark spot: high pressure storm
neptune's discovery: preturbation in uranus' orbit
neptune's composition: hydrogen, ???, rocky core
neptune's magnetic field: greatly tilted from rotation axis
neptune's energy levels: twice that it should get from sun
no explanation
pluto's appearance: different coloration, mainly due to ice
pluto-kuiper express: usa flyby mission
comes and goes in reports
pluto's position & orbit: furthest planet from sun
highly eccentric orbit
comes closer to sun than neptune b/c of eccentricity
pluto's characteristics: smallest planet
weak methane atmoosphere
methane ice on surface
temperature below 40 degrees K
density suggests ice, rock, methane
pluto's tilt/incline: most inclined orbit 17 degrees from planes
large equitorial tilt to orbit of 117 degrees
pluto's magnetic field and energy source: not been able to be detected
jupiter's moons: 61 moons
small moons are probably captured asteroids
galilean moon's: formed with jupiter
io, europa, ganymede, callisto
io: volcanic - 9 active [most active in universe]
no craters
slightly bigger than our moon
io's surface: rock density
young, constantly being resurfaced
sulfur based material eurupting
constantly moving back and forth to create liquid state --> volcanism
black->red->orange->yellow->white
io's auroras: sodium torus -- sodium left in path
charge sodium particles in torus get sucked into jupiter's magnetic field & cause auororas
europa: no cratering, smooth, young
liquid interior
ice & water surface
mostly ruck beneath surface
smallest of g. moons
europa's surface: pressure from tiedes melts water
ice cracks and water fills in
water evaporates leaving minerals
close to ocean composition
ganymede: largest moon in ss [about size of mercury]
ice, craters
no liquied inner layer
probably melted previously to differenciate liquid and rock
callisto: darker surface b/c has not differenciated
ice surface
any craters --> old
valhalla: biggest crater impact in ss
jupiter's rings: very diffuse
small dark material from moons
saturn's moons: 31+ moons
titan
titan: larger than mercury
2nd biggest in ss
titan's atmosphere: thicker atmosphere than earth
b/c cooler can hold onto things more easily
nitrogen
argon
methane
-brown from sun light
-organic
-right conditions for triple state
-methane based life?
saturn's rings: easily seen b/c made of ice [sand to marbles]
only 100 m of materia, but extremely reflective
will disappear after 100M years b/c of friction
saturn's rings' rotation: rotate at different rates according to kepler's laws
resonance orbit of moon
resonance orbit: resonance orbit is a simple ratio between moon and particles' orbit
unstable orbit due to moon's pull
roche limit: comets that get too close to the saturn are ripped apart by tidal forces
depedent on size and material
cassini division: gaps in rings b/c of interaction w/ moons in resonance orbit
NO particles in dark regions
uranus's moons and rings: 27 moons and rings
neptune's moons: 11 moons & rings
triton
triton: retrograde motion -- thought to be captured
cantaloped & volcanically active
rocke and ice surface
asteroids: 100,000 genearlly more elliptical orbit
big rock, generally abnormally shaped
ceres: 1000km, 30% mass of all asteriods
2.3 - 3.3 AU away
apollo asteriods: cross the earth's path
about 2,000
10 near earth encounters a year
meteor: streaks of light cause by meteoriods
25M a day
meteorites: hit the ground 1000 tons every day
iron - rare
stony -90%
stony iron - rarest
> 1 km every few M. years
meteor shower: comet's garbage in earth's atmosphere
comets: dirty ice balls
dirt, ice, rock, mixed together
highly eccentric orbits
oort cloud: 10,000-100,000 AU
theoretical resevoir for comets
kuiper belt: cloer than oort cloud
not sphereically distributed
head of comets: nucleus - 99.9% mass
10 km across
coma - gas melted off of nucleus 1M km across
comet tails: 10^7 - 10^8 km long
dust tail
-curved, diffused
gas/ion tail
- thinner, straighter
- always points directly away from sun
- larger grains of sand left where comet passed [cause meteor showers]
light travels through space and space is a _______: vacuum
speed of light: 300,000 km/sec
NO MATTER THE WAVELENGTH, light moves at the same SPEED; number of PEAKS are different
equation for speed of light: wavelength x frequency (peaks per second) = C
vissual light: 400 nm [blue] - 700 nm [red]
short wavelength =: large f; large energy
ultraviolet
x-rays
gamma rays
long wavelenth =: small f; small energy
infarred
radio
kirchoff's laws for radiation: 1. solid body or object emits continuous spectum
2. continuous spectrum passing through cooler gas will have some light removal at specific wavelenghts
solid objects are ____ when heated: brighter

red --> white
[red = less energetic, blue = more energetic]
increase temperature: more energy on all wavelengths
peak at lower frequencey [more energetic light]
absorbtion spectrum: low denisty gas emits light only at certain wavelenghts
stars
emission spectrum: made of discrete frequencies rather than continuous [the gas through which light travels]
chromosphere when photosphere covered
the sun's rotation: differential rotation
period of 27 days
sun's luminosity [energy]: 4 x 10^26 watts
extremely constant over time
potential sources of sun's energy: CHEMICAL BURNING: couldn't be so constant
potential sources of sun's energy: SLOW CONTRACTION: contratcion few meters per month
cannot use for 5 billion years
potential sources of sun's energy: NUCLEAR REACTIONS: fusion -- putting elements together to release energy
need high temperature and high pressure
4H -> 1 He
only in centeral 10% of sun
sun's interior: 15 M degrees K
1.3 billion pressure of earth's surface
sun heat transport: CONDUCTION: vibrations from hot object hit others
nope
sun heat transport: CONVECTION: moving heated material
outer 1/3
sun heat transport: RADIATION: transferring energy through light
most 2/3 of inner
nuetrinos: extra product of fusion
don't react well with anything
travel effortlessly, universe = transparent
react with tetrachloride to create argon atoms
how photon's escape sun: take random walk out from center
takes long time [30,000 years]
apparent magnitude: brightness from earth
depends on starts luminosity & distance
hipparchus' scale: bigger magnitude are dimmer stars
smaller magnitude are brighter stars
parallax: aparent motion of stars due to your change in view point
distance in parsecs equation: d(pc)=1/pa

pa=1/p(dc)
absolute magnitude: luminosity
apparent magnitude of star at 10pc -- elminates distance issues
starts with smaller absolute magnitudes are truly brighter stars
how do you determine the temperature of a star: color b/c color reflects temperature
temperature of stars & spectral class: 35,000 - 60,000 k
O B A F G K M [hot --> cold]
subdivided inot 10 units [hot --> cold]
stars of same rating are all of same abosrobtion and temperature
hertzsprung-russel diagram: temperature [spectral class] vs. luminosity

*line width = up& down
color = right to left
*need to know distance to stars for diagram
*smame temperature and luminosity = same size
luminosity classes: CLASS I.: supergiants
luminosity classes: CLASS III: giants
luminosity classes: CLASS V: dwarf [main sequence stars]
white dwarfs not included b/c not producing energy
uses of h-r diagram: spectroscopic parallax -- to get stars distances

get stars size
stars masses: from orbits with bianary systems and newton's laws

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