Social 10 - Terms and definitions
Globalization
Terms
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- Deindustrialization
- The reduction in or loss of industries
- Propaganda
- Ideas and information spead for the purpose of achieving a specific goal
- Gross Domestic Product
- The value of all the goods and services a country produces in a year. Often used to measure the strength of a country's economy
- Global climate change
- Small but steady changes in the average temperatures around the world
- Foreign Aid
- Money, supplies, and other goods, as well as expertise, given by one country to another
- Mercantilism
- A policy followed by European imperial powers from the 16th to the 19th century. In colonies, trade was strictly controlled to benefit the economy of the imperial power
- Grand exchange
- A trading process that began when Christopher columbus brought seeds, fruit trees and livestock to the Americas, wwhere they were cultivated and became staples. In return, native North American species were exported to Europe. This exchange expanded to include different countries and products around the world
- Blood Oil
- Oil that is obtained through violence and bloodshed
- General consensus
- Agreement that occurs when most, or even all, members of a group agree
- Gross National Income
- The amount of money earned by everone in a country
- Capitalism
- An economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity
- Industrial Revolution
- The period between about 1750 and 1850, when work became mechanized and began to occur in factories.
- Privatization
- The selling of a public service, such as electricity, delivery or health care, to a private company so that the service is no longer owned by the government
- Indian Act
- First passed by the Canadian Parliament in 1876 and amended several times since then, this act continues to define who is - and is not - a status indian. Early versions of the act banned some traditional practices of First Nations cultures and allowed only those who renounced Indian status to vote in federal elections
- Enemy alien
- A label assigned during WWI and WWII to people from countries that were at war with Canada.
- Biodiversity
- Variety in plant and animal species
- Economic depression
- A period of low economic activity accompanied by high levels of unemployment
- Gacaca Courts
- Community courts established in Rwanda to try low-level officials and ordinary people accused of taking part in the Rwandan genocide. The purpose of these courts was to speed up the process of bringing to justice those who had participated in the genocide and to encourage reconciliation
- Reparations
- The act of making amends for wrongdoing. May include payments made by a defeated enemy to countries whose territory was damaged during a war
- Cultural Content Laws
- Laws passed by a government to prevent a group's cultural identity - including its artists, performers, songs, movies and literature - from being overwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture
- Transnational corporation
- A company that is based in one country while developing and manufacturing its products, or delivering its goods and services, in more than one country.
- Collective
- A group to which a person belongs and identifies with
- Market Economy
- An economy in which goverment regulations are reduced to a minimum and business are free to make their own decisions
- Boreal Forest
- An environmentally sensitive sub-arctic region that consists of mostly coniferous trees, such as spruce, fir and pine
- Accommodation
- A process that occurs when people from different cultures come into contact and accept and create spaces for one another.
- Sanction
- A penalty, often economic, such as a trade boycott, taken to pressure a government to agree to carry out certain actions or follow certain rules
- Labour Standards
- Measures that protect workers
- Outsourcing
- A business strategy that involves reducing costs by using suppliers of products and services in countries where labour is cheaper and government regulation may be less strict
- Apartheid
- An Afrikaans word that refers to a policy of segregating and discriminating against non-whites in South Africa
- Multiculturalism
- An official Canadian government policy founded on the idea that Canadian society is pluralistic - Made of many culturally distinct groups who are free to affirm and promote their own cultural identity
- Cultural diversity
- Variety in cultures and identities
- Economies of scale
- Savings that are achieved by producing, using, and buying things in large quantities
- Context
- Circumstances or surroundings
- Sustainability
- The degree to which earth is able to provide the resources necessary to meet people's needs
- Cultural pluralism
- The idea that a variety of peoples are free to affirm and promote their customs, traditions, beliefs and language within a society
- Digital divide
- The gap that separates people who do - and do not - have access to up-to-date digital technology
- Cultural mosaic
- A society that is made up of many distinct cultural groups (Eg. Canada)
- Civil Society
- A sector of society made up of non-governmental and non-business groups. It includes NGOs, faith based groups, unversities etc..
- Containerization
- The transporting of good in standard-sized shipping containers
- Free Trade
- The trade that occurs when two or more countries eliminate tariffs and taxes on the goods and services they trade with one another
- Universalization
- The spread of culture, trends, customs and practices around the world.
- Depopulation
- A reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces
- Non-governmental organization
- An organization established by groups of people to work toward specific goals and to gain public support in achieving these goals.
- Denotation
- The dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
- Compare
- To find similarities and differences
- Sustain
- To provide the basic necessitities needed to support life
- Stereotyping
- Placing people in categories according to preconceived beliefs about how members of a particular group think of behave.
- Acculturation
- The cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each other's world views
- Trade liberalization
- A process that involves countries in reducing or removing trade barriers, such a tariffs and quotas, so goods and services can move around the world more freely
- Legacy
- Something that has been passed on by those who lived in the past
- Quiet Revolution
- A period of intense social, political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecois began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture
- Cultural revitalization
- The process of affirming and promotion people's individual and collective cultural identity.
- Media concentration
- The gathering of ownership of newspapers and other media in the hands of a few large corporations
- Role Model
- Someone to whom others look as an example to emulate
- Virtual community
- A community made up of people who may never have met in person but who interact via the internet in chat rooms and blogs, through nstand messaging or through social networking sites
- Effect
- A noun meaning "result" or a verb meaning "brought about" or "caused"
- Contrast
- To find differences between or among things or ideas
- Cross cultural communication
- Communication that occurs among people of different cultures
- Assimilation
- A process that occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. The cultural identity of the minority group disappears as its members take on the identity of the other culture
- Ingenuity gap
- The gap between people's need for new and innovative solutions to problems and their ability to supply those solutions
- Homogenization
- The erasing of cultural differences so that peoples become more and more similar
- Flag of convenience
- A flag flown by ships when they are registered in a country that is not the country of their owner
- Stewardship
- Accepting responsibility for ensuring that the earth's resources remain sustainable
- Pandemic
- An epidemic that spreads around the world and poses a serious threat because of people's ability to travel farther and faster than ever before
- Status Indian
- A First Nations person who is registered according to the provisions of the Indian Act and is therefore eligible to recieve specific benefits
- Pop culture
- The culture of the people, or current cultural trends that are spread by commercial mass media
- Imperialism
- One country's domination over another country's economic, political and cultural institutions
- Eurocentrism
- A form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious and linguistic criteria to judge other peoples and their cultures
- Inalienable
- referring to rights that cannot be taken away or transferred
- Knowledge economy
- Businesses and individuals who use research, education, new ideas and information technologies for practical purposes
- Ecological footprint
- The area of the earth's surface necessary to sustain the level of resources a person uses and the waste she or he creates
- Communism
- An economic and political system whose purpose is to eliminate class distinctions. Everyone would work for the benefit of all and would receive help as he or she needs it
- Genuine Progress Index
- A system that measures the sustainability, well-being and quality of life of a country and its people (long version.. not the acryonym)
- Consensus
- General agreement
- Basic needs
- People's basic physical needs include food, clothing, shelter and water, but they also have social needs, such as family and friends, and emotional needs such as a sense of belonging and being loved
- Historical Globalization
- A period that is often identified as beginning in 1942, When Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the Caribbean, and ending after WWII, when the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers
- Gender gap
- The social, economic, and political differences that separate men and women
- Economic globalization
- The spread of trade, transportation, and communication systems around the world in the interests of promoting worldwide commerce
- Hybridization
- The combining of elements of two or more different things to create something new
- Sustainable development
- Development that meets people's needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
- Media convergence
- The use of electronic technology to integrate media such as newspapers, books, TV, and the Internet
- Genocide
- The mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people.
- Ethnocentrism
- A way of thinking that centers around one's own race and culture, where you believe your worldview is the only valid one
- Connotation
- The emotional associations people attach to a word or phrase
- Residential schools
- Boarding schools where First Nations children were gathered to live, work and study. These schools were operated or subsidized by the Canadian government as an important element of the government's assimilation policy. The last one closed in 1996
- Human trafficking
- A crime that occurs when people seeking a better life in a new country are preyed on by criminal organizations that help them immigrate illegally, then force them to work in substandard conditions or in criminal activities
- Sustainable prosperity
- Practising stewardship of the environment and resources so that future generations are able to achieve prosperity