World History II Chapter 10
Vocabulary
Terms
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- John Locke
- English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
- mestizo
- a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)
- Ptolemy
- Mathematician/Astronomer who believed the Earth was the center of the universe
- Sor Juana Ine's de la Cruz
- she talks about women and their intelectual capabilities. She was a nun- power to the women
- seperation of powers
- The division of a central government into two or more branches, each having its own responsibilites and authorities
- mulatto
- The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent
- enlightened absolutism
- the form of absolutism in which rulers embraced the principles of the Enlightenment and applied them to their territories
- Voltaire
- a person that did not like the slave trade and wanted tolerance of everyone and freedom of speech
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- She advocated education for women and supported the idea that women should participate in politics and in medicine. Her ideas led to the gradual inclusion of women in the public sphere.
- federal system
- power is shared between state governments and a central authority
- universal law of gravitation
- explained why planets continued in elliptical orbits around the sun
- deism
- the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
- inductive reasoning
- the premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but do not ensure it
- geocentric
- The Earth is the center of the universe
- Robert Walpole
- the first minister to maintain continuing support for royal government by exercising both careful use of Crown patronage and untiring leadership in the House of Commons
- Issac Newton
- Defined the laws of motion and gravity by explaining the motion of the universe.
- Maria Winkelmann
- found undiscovered comet; denied pace in the Berlin Academy b/c she was a woman
- Hanoverians
- of or relating to the former English royal House of Hanover or their supporters
- heliocentric
- sun centered (ex: a model of the planets revolving around the sun)
- scientific method
- a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
- John Wesley
- Influenced by Pietism, John Wesley (1703-1791) propagandized Methodism among the English populace,and was involved with the protastant revivial
- Catherine the Great
- ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
- philosophe
- Any of the leading philosophical, political, and social writers of the 18th-century French Enlightenment
- Maria Theresa
- Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made sure all her children were educated, did away with forced labor for peasants of austria, the reforms made-brought greater equality for austrian society
- Rene' Descartes
- French philosopher and mathematician who created the Cartesian Coordinate Plane
- Robert Boyle
- Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)
- rationalism
- Belief in relying on reason and logic to explain occurrences
- Jean Jacques Rousseau
- A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
- Nicholas Copernicus
- said that Ptolemy was wrong and that the Earth revolves around the sun in a circular motion
- salon
- informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
- Ptolemaic system
- theories that placed the earth motionless at the center of the universe with all celestial bodies revolving around it
- Bach
- one of the greatest classical composers
- Galileo Galilei
- Scientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas
- Frederick the Great
- was the ruler of Purssia a German state he centralized the government and put it under his control he devoted his life to the Purssia army
- Cambridge University
- a university in England
- Adam Smith
- gave the best statement of laissez-faire in his famous work The Wealth of Nations
- Margaret Cavendish
- educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists
- rococo
- fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century
- Mozart
- a composer from Austria, who was known for classical new style
- Denis Diderot
- edited first encyclopedia that was placed on index
- laissez faire
- economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference
- Francis Bacon
- (1561-1626) English politican, writer. Formalized the emprical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning
- Haydn
- prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)
- Handel
- German composer and organist, wrote Messiah
- Montesquieu
- French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
- social contract
- Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos