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Thinking

These terms are from Myers Module 28 and my lecture notes.

Terms

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artifical concept
A concept that is defined by a set of rules or characteristics, such as word definitions or mathematical formulas
anchoring heuristic
Making decisions based on certain ideas or standards that are important to us.
mental set
The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past.
directed thinking
a systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal or answer; convergent thinking
algorithm
A methodical, logical rue or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve poblems quickly; a "rule of thumb" or shortcut.
prototype
A mental image or best example of a category.
representative heuristic
The presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category.
concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
overconfidence
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
nondirected thinking
A free flow of thoughts with no particular plan; divergent thinking
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if it comes easily to mind, we think it is common.
belief perseverance
Clinging to our initial conceptions in the face of contrary evidence.
framing
The way an issue is posed; can change the way we think about the issue.
functional fixedness
The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
hindsight bias
I-knew-it-all-along.
confirmation bias
The tendency to look for information that agrees with our own ideas.
metacognition
The awareness of one's own cognitive processes; thinking about thinking.
natural concepts
Concepts that develop out of our everyday experience in the world; involves prototypes
cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
belief bias
The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.
concept hierarchies
Levels of concepts, from most general to most specific.

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