Definitions L
Terms
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- Lie Scale
- MMPI validity scale - designed to detect patients claiming an unrealistic degree of personal virtue
- what is the "L" term for a lack of concern for sensory or motor impairment? Often seen patients with conversion disorders who show an inappropriate lack of concern about their disabilities
- La Belle Indifference
- this is a vein that connects the middle cerebral vein and the lateral sinus - also called the superior anastomotic vein
- vein of Labbe
- what "L" term from the latin "labi" to slip is used to describe rapid mood swings
- Labile
- Lacuna (cerebral)
- a small area of ischemic infarction resulting from occlusion of the small distal branches of the MCA, PCA or basilar artery
- What "L" syndrome is also known as aquired epileptic aphasia?
-
Landau-Kleffner syndrome
child develops normally than progressive loss of language and preserved nonverbal function related to EEG abnormalities - what is language?
- generally refers to verbal symbol use - in contrast to speech which is physical oral expression
- The organ of voice production is the
- Larynx
- Lateral Dominance Tests
- general term for tests of eye and hand preference (Annett Questionnaire, Harris Test, Edinburgh, Reitan-Klove
- Lead Pipe Rigidity
- associated with involuntary movement disorders - steady resistance is felt through the range of movement
- Lead Poisoning
- Pb is a common neurotoxin present in soil, paint, pipes. Children at higher risk. Damage can result in IQ deficits, behavioral problems, encephalopahty, death.
- what is learning?
- process of acquiring new information into memory
- what is a learning curve?
- graph in which a learning index is plotted as a function of trials
- Learning Disability
- heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by difficulties with reading, math, written expression. Presumed to be due to nervous system dysfunction. Schools often operationally define LD by discrepancy formula. More recent shift to RTI (response to intervention) model.
- Leiter International Performance Scale
- test of cognitive ability designed for children with hearing or language impairments. Currently at revised edition
- Lemniscus
- sensory fiber bundle in the medulla and pons relay epicritic (tactile and kinesthetic) info up to the thalamus
- Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
- childhood encephalopathy characterized by generalized seizures, diffuse slow spike and wave EEG complexes, and mental retardation
- Lenticulostriate arteries
- Branch off of MCA. Supplies basal ganglia structures: Part of head and body of caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
- Lentiform Nucleus (lenticular)
- part of the striatum comprising the putamen and globus pallidus
- Leptokurtic
- A leptokurtic distribution is symmetrical in shape, similar to a normal distribution, but the center peak is much higher; that is, there is a higher frequency of values near the mean.
- Leptomeninges
- the pia and arachnoid- the delicate meninges
- Leptomeningitis
- inflammation of the pia and arachnoid
- Lesch-Nyhan Disease
- rare metabolic disease - x linked recessive. Normal development until 6-9 months of age when hypo and hypertonia appear, aggression, compulsive self mutilation of the lips, tremor, dysarthria, mental retardation. Death is usually due to renal failure in the first or second decade of life.
- Lethargy
- drowsy,inactive, indifferent to external stimuli
- Letter Blindness
- an unproven syndrome in which words could be read normally, even though letters cannot be recognized
- Letter Cancellation
- general term for tests of attention and hemispatial neglect that require the subject to mark targets in an array.
- Letter by Letter Reading
- type of acquired alexia in which print to sound conversion is done letter by letter
- Letter Number Sequencing
- wechsler subtest - patient has to rearrange mixed up letters and numbers in numerical or alphabetical order - measure of working memory
- Leukoaraiosis
- attenuation of the cerebral white matter - associated with ischemic lesions, alz disease or normal aging
- Leukodystrophy
- disturbance or degeneration of white matter- associated with metabolic diseases (ALD, MLD)
- Leukoencephalitis
- inflammation of the white matter
- Leukoencephalopathy
- disease affecting the white matter of the brain -seen in AIDS
- Leukomalacia
- softening of the white matter - commonly seen in anoxia - and prematurity - periventricular leukomalacia
- Leukotomy
- incision of the white matter performed as a disconnection procedure
- By now you should know that when the term Leuko is used you are dealing with ____ matter
- white
- Levodopa (l-dopa)
- used to treat parkinson's - replaces dopamine
- Levodopa induced dyskinesia
- abnormal involuntary movements following prolonged ldopa treatment
- Lewy Body Dementia
- the second most frequent cause of degenerative dementia in elderly adults - associated with abnormal structures (Lewy bodies) found in certain areas of the brain.
- Lexical Decision Task
- experimental task in which subjects decide about specific lexical qualities of stimulus words or sounds
- Lexicon
- knowledge of the phonological representation and grammatical aspects of words - a lexicon organizes the mental vocabulary in a speaker's mind
- Lhermitte's sign
- electric like sensation that extends from the neck down the body when the head is flexed forward. Seen in MS, cervical cord injury, cervical cord tumor
- Limbic Encephalitis
- syndrome of progressive dementia resulting from neoplasm. inflammation of limbic cortex results in agitation, confusion, hallucinations or seizures
- Limbic System
- group of brain structures (hippocampus, amygdala, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus)associated with arousal, motivation, emotion, memory, olfaction
- Limb Kinetic Apraxia
- inability to make fine, precise movements with a limb
- Line Bisection
- test used to assess hemispatial inattention- patient marks through center of each line - look for placements to the right or left
- Fat soluble elements are called
- Lipids
- Lipoprotein
- compound containing both lipids and proteins. High levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke - increased HDL's may reduce such risks
- Lissencephaly
- brain malformation - failure of gyri to develop - smooth cortical surface. Associated with severe mental retardation
- LLE
- left lower extremity
- Lobectomy
- surgial resection of a lobe of the brain. Most frequently performed lobectomies involve anterior temporal lobe in patients with intractable seizures
- Lobotomy
- surgical destruction of tracts and cell bodies to isolate a cerebral lobe. Most common was frontal in severe psychiatric disorders
- LOC
- loss of consciousness
- Locked-in Syndrome
- complete paralysis due to bilateral lesions of motor pathways and lower cranial nerves in the pons or medulla, usually resulting from occlusion of basilar artery
- The ____ cranial nerve is spared in Locked in syndrome
- 3rd (oculomotor) - voluntary vertical eye movement is possible - can communicate by blinking
-
True or False
cognitive functioning is impaired in locked in syndrome - false
- coma vigil is another name for
- locked in syndrome
- Locus Ceruleus
- cluster of neurons in dorsal pons - contains majority of norepinephrine neurons in CNS
- Locus Ceruleus neurons are activated during states of ...
- heightened vigilance
- Logogen
- hypothetical lexical unit representing the visual, phonological, and semantic characteristics of a word
- Logorrhea
- excessive agitated speech characterized by difficulty with grammar, lack of content, illogical sequencing. Can be associated with Wernicke's aphasia
- Long Tract Signs
- neurologic abnormalities due to upper motor neuron lesions - hyperreflexia, babinski signs
- Longitudinal Fissure
- cleft that separates left and right hemisphere - aka interhemispheric fissure
- Long Term Potentiation
- electrophysiological phenomenon of postsynaptic excitability following stimulation that may last up to several weeks.
- Long term potentiation is thought to be a mechanism involved in ...
- memory and learning
- Loss of Consciousness
- impaired responsiveness thought to reflect diffuse brain dysfunction. Duration of LOC is used as a measure of TBI
- Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
- cell bodies and tracts of cranial nerves or anterior horn cells of the spinal cord that innervate muscle
- LMN lesions are associated with ...
- hyporeflexia, decreased tone, muscle atrophy
- Lumbar Puncture (LP)
- technique for obtaining csf by inserting a needle into the spinal canal in the lumbar region.
- LP reveals bloody CSF - patient may have had a
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
- adaptation of Luria's approach modified to produce quantitative scores
- Luria Neuropsychological Investigation
- Collection of Luria's techniques - qualitative structured assessment.
- Luxury perfusion
- angiographic phenomenon seen after a cerebral infarction for hours to days after a stroke - enhanced capillary blush and ealry venous filling
- Lyme Disease
- multisystem disease caused by a spirochete and transmitted by ticks. 10-15% of nontreated patients develop nervous system involvement.
- The clinical triad of Lyme Disease is ...
- lymphocytic meningitis, painful radiculoneuritis, and cranial neuritis. Some have memory difficulties.