Journalism 3950 Exam 1
Terms
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- Androcentricity
- Look at the world through a male perspective.
- Interval Measurement Scale
- equal distances between each point, these scales can have pos and neg values.
- Likert Scale
- Identify a persons beliefs, attitudes or feelings toward an object
- Semantic Differential Scale
- Measures meanings people give to a specific stimulus
- Ratio Measurement Scale
- A true zero point where the variable being measured ceases to exist. example is age, you can't be zero age
- Factor Analysis
- determines if a concept is uni or multidimensional.
- Self-Report
- Ask people to comment on themselves
- Questionnaire
- Ask people to provide information about themselves or others in a written form
- Directive Questionnaires and Interviews
- Use predetermined questions
- Interview Schedule
- A list of questions that guide an interview.
- Inverted funnel question format.
- Begins with closed specific questions and goes to broader open questions
- Question order effects
- Occur when responses to earlier questions influence how people respond to later questions.
- Fatigue Effect
- Respondents pay less attention to questions near the end of a questionnaire as they are tired.
- Observation
- Inspection and interpretation of behavioral
- Coding Schemes
- Its a Classificaiton systems. It describe the nature or frequency of the behaviors.
- Internal Validity
- The accuracy of conclusions drawn from a particular research study.
- External Validity
- Is the generalizability of findings, or can conclusions from a particular study be applied to other people/text, places, etc.
- Measurement Reliability
- Measuring something in a consistent and stable manner.
- Reliability Coefficient
- numberical indicator that tells the percentage of time a measurement is reliable or free from error..70 or greater are reliable.
- Internal Consistency
- two measurements give the same results.(ex if you fall from 1000 feet and survive you should be able to fall from a 1000 feet anywhere and survive)
- Criterion-Related Validity
- measurement technique relates to another instrument that was valid.
- Sleeper Effect
- An effect that is not immediately apparent but becomes evidenced over the course of time.
- Hawthrone Effect
- People are aware they are being studied and behave differently
- Statistical Regression
- Tendency for individuals selected on basis of extreme scores to behave less atypically later.
- Researcher Unintentional Expectancy Effect
- When researchers influence participants responses by inadvertently letting them know the behavior they desire.
- Census
- Involves studying every member of a population
- Random Sampling
- Each person has equal chance of being selected.
- Systematic Sample
- Chooses every nth person after starting at a random point.
- Stratified Sample
- Categorizes a population with respect to a characteristic (stratificaiton variable) that the researcher thinks is important
- Convenience Sample
- Selected on basis of availability
- Network Sample
- Respondents refer researcher to other respondents (snowball)
- Ecological Validity
- Research that describes what actually occurs in real-life circumstances.
- Replication
- Conducting a study that repeats a previous study.
- Ethics
- Moral principles and recognized rules of conduct regarding a particular class of human action.
- Tenure
- A professor is guaranteed a lifetime faculty appointment.
- Academic Freedom
- The ability to teach and research topics that professors consider to be important.
- IRB - Institutional Review Board
- Group set up to monitor research proposals and decide if they are ethical.
- Voluntary Informed Consent
- Research participants voluntarily agree to participate only after they have been fully informed about the study.
- Implied Consent
- Completion is taken as an indication of consent.
- Desensitizing
- When research participants may have acquired negative information about themselves as a result of a study.
- Dehoaxing
- Convincing participants that they have been decieved and attempting to eliminate any negative effects the deception might have had.
- Anonymity
- When researchers cannot connect responses to the individuals who provided them.
- Confidentiality
- When researchers know who said what, but promise not to reveal that information publicly.
- Claim
- Assertions or Conclusions
- Warrant
- Connects Claims and Evidence
- Research
- The form of a disciplined inquiry that involves studying something in a planned manner and reporting it so other inquirers can potentially replicate the process if they choose. Or Questioning and testing what we know or don't know.
- Proprietary Research
- Research just for you or your boss, not to be shared
- Scholarly Research
- Research that can be shared
- Social or Human Sciences
- Like Journalism applied to Human Behavior
- Positivist Paradigm
-
Singular in Nature and Objective
Independent
Value-free/ Unbiased
Quantitative
Formal/Impersonal Voice - Naturalist Paradigm
-
Multiple in Nature/Intersubjective
Interdependent
Value-laden/Biased
Qualitative
Informal/Personal Voice - Communication
- Refers to the processes by which verbal and nonverbal messages are used to create and share meaning.
- Applied Research
- Not to be used as general research
- Basic Research
- Testing Theory: A generalization about a phenomenon.
- Variable
- A concept that can have two or more values
- Independent Variable
- Is the one that is thought to influence the dependent variable.
- Dependent Variable
- Is influenced by the independent variable.
- Ordered Variable
- Can be assigned numerical values (age, weight, etc.)
- Nominal Variable
- Can be classified in terms of type (gender, race, etc.)
- Hypothesis
- A tentative answer about the nature of the relationship between variables.
- Nondirectional Hypothesis
- Does not specify the nature of the relationship of the variables.
- Interaction Effects
- Effects caused by multiple independent variables.
- Primary Research Report
- The first reporting of a study by the person who actually conducted the study.
- Secondary Research Report
- Report of a research report by someone other than the person who actually conducted the study.
- Meta-Analytic Study
- Summarizes alot of studies
- Operationalization
- Identifying and determining how to measure the observable characteristics of whatever concepts or variables researchers wish to study.
- Conceptual Definition
- Decribes what a concept means by relating it to other abstract concepts (ex dictionary def)
- Operational Definition
- Describes a concept in terms of its observable and measurable characteristics or behaviors by specifying how the concept can be observed in actual practice. (How can you measure the variable)
- Conceptual Fit
- Strong linkage between conceptual and operational definitions.
- Measurement
- Is the process of determining the existence, characteristics, size and/or quantity of changes or differences in a variable through systematic recording and organization of the researcher's observation.
- Qualitative Measurement
- Observations that do not require measurements and numbers
- Quantitative Measurement
- Measurements that include numbers.
- Triangulation
- Studing something in multiple ways with a single study
- Measurement Scale
- A specific scheme for assigning numbers or symbols to designate characteristics of a variable.
- Nominal Measurement Scale
- Classify a variable into different categories
- Mutually Exclusive
- An individual can only be in one testing
- Ordinal Measurement Scale
- Involve nominal variables that are ranked in order along some dimension.
- Ipsative Scale
- A particular rank can only be used once.