American Studies Final Review Chapter 7-15
Final Review
Terms
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- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Led a group practicing transcendentalism- a philosopical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination. Ideas of optimism, freedom, and self-reliance.
- Strikebreakers
- workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved
- 15th Amendment
- Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
- Nat Turner
- Slave from VA that led group of slaves to kill their slaves holders and familes. Turner caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states stricker control on slave population.
- Settlement of Texas
- Texans declared their independence from Mexico believing they deprived them of their rights. James Polk had Texas become the 28th state in the Union.
- Lincoln's view on slavery
- Pledged to stop further spread of slavery but he would not directely interfere with the Southerner's slaves that they had.
- James K. Polk
- President of United States who had territorial aspirations, leading to conflict with Mexico, resulting in a war.
- Election of 1896
- Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic in American history.
- Effects of Grants and Shermans Total Warfare
- Democrats and Northern newspapers called Grant a butcher. He attacked Petersburg from June 1864 to May 1865. Sherman led a March burning most of Atlanta, taking out Georgia, and burning almost every house in its path in North Carolina.
- Andrew Jackson
- The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
- Cyrus McCormick
- invented the mechanical reaper (harvested more wheat with fewer workers)
- Cotton Gin
- machine that produced a more efficient way to get the seeds out of cotton, and expanded southern development
- Cotton Gin
- A machine that separates the seeds, seed hulls, and other small objects from the fibers of cotton: enlarged slavery
- Cult of Domesticity
- tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activites for married women
- Industrial Workers of the World
- A group of radical unionists and socialists who formed in 1905 included miners, lumbers, and dock workers. Gave sense of unity to unskilled workers.
- San Jacinto
- caught up to Houston near the San Jacinto River and on April 21, 1836, the Texans advanced on the Mexican Army. When they reached Santa Anna's camp, they raced forward with their guns ready. More than half of the Mexican army was killed. Santa Anna was forced to sign the treaty to make Texas a free state.
- Pet Banks
- Jackson appointed a secretary to place all government funds in certain state banks.
- Patronage
- the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected
- Millard Fillmore
- Taylor's sucessor supported the compromise and the Compromise of 1850 was voted into law.
- Anaconda Plan
- to blockade Southern ports, so they could no longer import or export goods, Union riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi River and divide the Confederacy into two, and Union armies would capture the Confederate capital (Richmond).
- Stephen A. Douglas
- picked up the pro-compromise reins after it being rejected. He reintroduced each resolution one at a time so if a congressman liked it, he would vote for it. He had passed the entire compromise.
- Harriet Tubman
- United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
- Fort Sumter
- Located at the entrance to Charleston Harbor, the North brought supplies here, making the south fire the first shot, causing the beginning of the Civil War
- spoils system
- Jackson removed enemies and gave supporters political jobs under the
- The Factory System
- each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories.
- Compromise of 1850
- The sale of slaves banned in the District of Columbia, but slavery was still legal there.
- Tammany Hall
- New York City's powerful Democratic political machine, ran by Marcy Tweed, very corrupt, used his power to make himself and his friends very rich, put in jail for fraud
- Second Great Awakening
- Movement that indiviuals felt for seeking salvation for personal and social improvement.
- Union Strategy to win the war 2
- Union Riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy
- Writ of Habeas Corpus
- a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed.
- 14th Amendment
- Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
- 5 Civilized Tribes
- Applied to five Native American nations considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
- Clara Barton
- Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
- Horace Greeley
- Founder of the New York Tribune. Staunch abolitionist, argued against popular sovereignty and in favor of forcible resistance to slave catchers. Founder of the Republican Party
- Pendleton Civil Service Act
- It stated that if you wanted to work in the government, you'd first have to pass a test that would show if you were good enough
- Whig Party
- An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
- Henry Clay
- Started the Compromise of 1850, he satisfied both the North by providing Calfornia being admitted to the Union as free and satisfied the south with the Fugitive Slave Law.
- Graft
- The illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
- Frederick Douglas
- Escaped slave who became a noted abolitionist leader
- Importance of the Buffalo
- 1.) Skull was was considered sacred 2.) Horns were carved into bowls and spoons 3.) Bones- made into tool handles and made into glue 4.) The Hide- made their clothing, tepees, and arrow shields.
- Spoils System
- the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
- Life of Mill Girls
- During the first half of the nineteenth century, farm girls and young women from throughout New England were recruited to work in the textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts. Although the women were tightly controlled both in the factories and at home in company-supervised boarding houses, many managed to join organized demonstrations against their working conditions.
- Social Darwinism
- Struggle resulted in 'survival of the fittest': Rich were strong, poor were weak. Really liked by upper middle class.
- Trial of Tears
- 1838-1840, The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory with thousands of Cherokee's dying on the way
- Compromise of 1850
- Utah and New Mexico territories decide about slavery with popular soverignty which gave them the state right to vote for or against slavery
- Fifty Four Forty or Fight
- slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory
- 3 Signicant battles or event of Civil War
- Gettysburg- 3 day battle. Union lost 23,000 men Confeds lost 28,000 men. Biggest loss at Gettysburg that Confederates straggered from. Sherman's March- Union did NOT give up, slaves marched throughout towns with them while burning down houses, ending by handing out food hoping to end the war. Demoralized the south and took everything out of them. Battle of Shiloh- taught strategic advice, learning how to send out scouts showed Union they could win.
- Gold Rush
- a movement of many people to a region in which gold has been discovered. Rush in California started in 1848. Around 34,000 people moved to San Francisco. Brings diversity to California's population, free blacks, asians, mexicans, and whites.
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.
- Pet Banks
- Led Biddle to adopt generous loan policy
- Hiram Revels
- First Aftrican-American senator
- Angel Island
- Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast
- Joseph Smith
- Founded Mormonism. Moved followers west to Illonois. Believed in polygamy, the practice of having more than one wife. Brigham Young became the leader after he was murdered.
- Interstate Commerce Act
- This Act established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the practices of railroads passing through more than one state. The law also banned monopolistic activity like rebates, etc. but had the right to challenge the commission's rulings in the fed. Courts.
- Union Strategies to win the war 1
- Navy would blockade Southern ports
- Monroe Doctrine
- A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. in 1823
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896), Uncle Tom's Cabin.
- Compromise of 1877
- Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1.) Withdrawal federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina 2.) Give democrats money to build a railroad from Texas to West Coast 3.) Hayes to appoint a conservative Southerner to the cabinet
- Wilmot Proviso
- proposed in 1846 that congress ban slavery in all southwestern lands following the Mexican War (California, New Mexico, and Utah) that might become states; passed in the House but not by the Senate; slave states saw it as a northern attack on slavery
- Compromise of 1850
- California admitted as a free state in the ______.
- Abolition
- Political movement to eradicate the system of slavery
- Dred Scott Case
- Southerner's cheered the Court's decision that Dred Scott and any other slaves did not have the rights of citizens, that he had no claim to freedom, and that the Court ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
- Mexican Cession
- Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S payed $15 million which included California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and most of Arizona.
- Union Strategy to win the war 3
- Union armies would capture the Confederate capital at Richmond
- Tariff of 1816
- A protective tariff designed to help American industries
- The Factory System
- morality of the system as workers complained about unfair working conditions Child labor was also a major part of the system, and was argued by those who deemed it immoral.
- Adam-Onis Treaty
- Agreement in which Spain gave over control of Florida to the United States in 1819
- Nullification
- The idea that a state had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law that it considered to be unconstitutional
- Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
- Each remaining Confederate state could be readmitted to the Union if they would withdraw its secession, swear allegiance to the Union, annul Confederate war debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery.
- Compromise of 1850
- Fugitive Slave Act required people in the free states to help capture and return escaped slaves.
- Tariff of Abominations
- Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. It seemed to Southerner's to be enriching the North at their expense.
- Emancipation Proclamation
- Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
- Effects of Kansas Nebraska Act
- From both the North and South settlers poured into Kansas. Most were sent by emigrant aid societies, groups formed specifically to supply rifles, animals, and farm equipment to antislavery migrants. Became a violent batlefield and the act could not satisfy either the north or the south.
- Ironclads
- was the steam-propelled warship of the later 19th century protected by iron of steel armour plates. Beginning of new weapons
- Confederate Advantages in Civil War
- Profits earned on the world market, first-rate generals, a strong military tradition, and soldiers who were highly motivated because they were defending their homeland.
- Re-election of Lincoln
- David Farragut telegraphed that Union had won Atalanta, Fremont had withdrawn and General Philip Sheridan chased the Confederates out of Shenandoah Balley in Northern Virginia.
- Settlement Houses
- neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities
- Radical Republican Leaders
- Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
- John Brown
- An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory
- Debates over states rights and nullification
- Northern proposals to abolish or restrict slavery escalated the regional differences in the country and rallied the Southern states firmly behind the doctrine of states' rights and the control of the individual states. Southerners viewed the Constitution as a contractual agreement that was wrong because its conditions had been a violation
- Effects of John Brown's Raid
- Outraged mobs assaulted whites who were suspected of holding anti-slavery views. Terrified Southern slaveholders, who were convince North was plotting slave uprisings everywhere. Longtime supporters of the Union called for secession.
- Immigration between 1880-1910
- The Americanization movement was designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
- Impact of Railroads
- Extended west to the Mississippi River and eventually crossed Utah. Brought dreams of available land, adventure, and employed thousands of Chinese immigrants.
- Lincoln-Douglas Debates
- Douglas believed in popular sovereignty, which allowed the residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery. Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was immoral and a labor system based on greed. The biggest difference between the two was that Douglas believed in popular sovereignty would allow slavery to pass away on its own, while Lincoln doubted that slavery would cease to spread without legislation outlawing it in the territories.
- Battle Of Gettysburg
- a large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.