Quiz #4 2

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WHAT is the 3rd line of defense?: Aquired specific immunity
-B or T cells
Where do B cells mature?: Stay in bone marrow
Where do T cells mature?: Go to the Thymis to mature
Describe the 3rd line of defense: -lag time
-builds up an army of cells
-B &T cells only recognize specific cells
-T-cells direct cell to cell communication
Name some T-cells: -Cytotoxic(CD8)-drect killers
-Helper(CD4) helps other cells do their job better
-suppressed-some cells bring response to a hault
What does the T-cell activation do: -APC-antigen presenting cell-it's the tattle tale, Macrophages
-the cell engulfs something, then it's present with a cell membrane protein associated with an atigen
-better at intracellular
What can't T-cells recognize?: Can't recognize cells, they can only recognize a protein or a carbohydrate
Clonal expansion: Making an army of cells
Antibody-mediated immunity: B-cells
B-cells: -recognize whole cells
-must be outside of cells and whole
-viruses hide inside but must move, then B-cells attach
What does plasma do?: makes antibodies
Immunoglobin(Ig): is an antibody
What engulf the cells?: neutrophils and magocytes
What pokes holes into the viruses?: Complement proteins
Are B-cells specific?: Yes they only recognize one
What can antibodies do?: -Activate complements
-attract phagocytes
-cause agglutination
-neutralize toxins or microbes
What is the primary immune response?: -the time it takes to build antibodies
-there is a lag time
-show symtoms and get sick
secondary?: -quicker
-the second it responds faster
-memory cells
How do memory cells work?: They recognize the invaders and kill them quickly which keeps you from getting chicken pox twice.
Passive Immunity: -give antibodies from somewhere else
-short-term immunity
Active Immunity: -your body is actively making antibodies
-vaccine is being infected with something
The Utopian Drug: -easily adminstered
-reach and be toxic to to the infectios agents
-non-toxic to humans
-non-allergenic
-cheap
-not be degraded fast
What goes into making a drug?: -look into different structure
-look different from metabolism
-cell wall
-prokaryotic-have ribosomes
-1 circular DNA piece in cytoplasm
What are some targets for drug?: -cell wall
-nucleic acid
-protein synthesis
-cell membrane
-enzymes,filia, locomotion
Why are there fewer drugs that have an effect on the cell membrane and nucleic acid?: -they are similar to our own cells
What does antibiotic resistence mean?: when bacteria isn't killed by the antibodies.
How do we get antibiotic resistance?: -by not finishing a perscription
-most cells that are left are anitbiotic resistent then it passes from person to person.
-taking someone else's medicine
-antibiotics in our farm animals
How can we conteract antibiotic resitence?: -don't feed animals antibiotics
-make sure people take all drugs
-give antibiotic in combination
-don't take antibiotics when we don't need them
why is it difficult to make a drug against a virus?: bc they live inside cells and its harder to get in
Why is it difficult to take drugs against fungi, protozoan, or multicellular parasites?: their cells are very similar to ours(except yeast)
-fungi has cell walls
-drugs that work attack our muscles
What is included in Upper respiratory tract?: nose and throat regions
-sinus
-nose cavity
-external nose
-nostril
functions of the upper respiratory system?: -smell
-filtration
-condition air
-vioce quality
what parts does the lower respiratory tract include?: -larnyx
-trachea
-2 bronchi
-lungs
what are the functions of lower respiratory tract?: -produce sounds
-route food
-exchange gases
-conditioned air
O2 transport: air-blood-tissues
Co2 transport: tissue-blood-air
Inspiration: moving air in, inhale
expriration: exhale, moving air out
What are two sets of muscles that help you breath?: rib muscles
diaphramn
What happens during inspiration: -contract muscles
-increase volume
-decrease pressure
What happens during expiration?: -relax the muscles
-decrease volume
-increase pressure
What helps oxygen to transport?: -hemoglobin(found in red blood cells)
-bound to iron
How many hemoglobins are found in 4 oxygen molecules?: 1 hemoglobin
Oxygen exchange and transport?: -oxygen binds more when high levels of O2
-neutral pH
-cooler temps
Conditions found in the lungs
Carbon dioxide tranportation??: -hemoglobin (some but very small)
-most as biocarbonate (HCO-3) in plasma
What are some problems associated with the respiratory tract?: -asthma
-emphysema
-cold
-lung cancer
-flu
What happens during Bronchitis and Asthma?: -Bronchiles spasm and constrict
What are some cardiorespiratory responses to altitude?: -21% of O2 in the atmosphere
-the air pressure goes down
-decrease in oxygen pressure
-harder to oxygenate blood
What is the influenza (Flu)?: -A virus 3 major types (ABC)
-Antigenic drift and shift(cause immune response)
-Yearly vaccine made of 3 influenza viruses
Bird Flu: -flu found in bird species
-The wild birds don't show symptoms
-could transmit person to person
The common cold: -caused by over 100 viruses
-hard to make a vaccine for
Lung cancer: 2nd most common cancer
-13% of diagnosed cancer
-28% of all cancer death
-most deadly cancer
What are the two types of lung cancer?: non-small (80%)
small(20%)
epithelial tissue is affected
Compounds found in cancer: -over 4,000 chemicals
-over 50 known to cause cancer
-many other toxic compounds
Smoking and non-cancer health problems: -bone loss
-cateracts
-infertility
-heart disease
-stroke
-aging
-bronchitis and emphysema
What types of cancer can you get from smoking?: -lung, oral cavity, pharync, larynx, esophagus, bladder, stomach, cervi, kidney, pancreas, and some leukemia
Smokless tobacco: 28-cancer causing agents and nicotine
-increased risk of oral cavity diseases
Second-hand smoke and Environmental Smoke (ES): -contains over 4,000 chemicals
-increase risk of cancer, cvd, SIDS
What is the peripheral nervous system?: -keeps the brain in contact with everything else
Central nervous system?: brain and spinal cord
What is the protect and support of the CNS?: Boney cases
meninges
cebrospinal fluid
shock absorber
support
What is the blood brain barrier?: -the brains most formidable gatekeeper
-protects the brain by allowing very few things past.
Boney cases: -skull
-vertebral collumn
Meninges: 3 connective tissue that form a covering (3 layers)
what parts are included in the cns?: -brain
-brain stem
-cerebelum
-limbic system
-cerebrum
-spinal cord
The brain is composed of what systems?: -limbic
-brain stem
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
What is the brain stem?: -reptilian or primative brain
-vital functions such as breathing and heart beat
Cerebellum: little or hind brain
-coordination and balance
Limbic system: -emotional brain
-maintains many vital functions
-memory emotions involved with smell
4 f's-feeing, fighting, fleeing, and reproduction
Cerebum: -4 lobes
occipal-vision
parietal-sensations
temporal-hearing
frontal-conscious thought, speech
The PNS: 1.somatic
2.Autonomic
Somatic: controls sensations and voluntary movement
Autonomic: controls automatic functions
What are the two main parts of the autonomic division: sympathetic-stressful times
Parasympathetic-peaceful times
Nervous tissue cells: Neurons-main nervous cell
Neuroglia-small supporting cells
What are the main types of neurons?: sensory(PNS)
Interneurons(CNS)
Motor(PNS)
How does information move through the 3 types of neurons: sensory-interneurons-motor
Mylinated: insulation on the axon
Schwann cells: type of neurgla
-insulated axons
Node of Ronvior: spaces between the myolin sheath
Saltory conduction: way a nerve impulse is conducted along a myolinated axon
Axon bulbs: In order to cross the gap the electrical impulse must turn into a neurotransmitter
Multiple Sclerosis: -autoimmune disorder
-progressive destruction
What are some symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: -autoimmune disorder
-progressive destruction of myelin sheath
-results in scerloses
-onset 20-40 years old
Nerve impulse transmission: 1.electrical impulse and calcium diffuses into the bulb
2.vesicle with neurotransmitter fuse
3.Neutransmitter binds to cell
4.Cell is electrically stimulated.
What are some other nervous system diseases?: -shingles
-Alzheimer's
-Madd Cow and VCJD(Human version), CWD
What is shingles?: -form of herpes
-hang out in nerve cells
-usually painful rash(abdomen)
-infectious
-usually over 50
-fluid filled blisters filled with viruses and can easily spread.
Alzheimer's: -lack of acetycholine
-frontal lobr and limbic system
-problems with memory, personality, dementia
-tangled neutrons
-amyloid plaques
-prions??
Mad Cow disease and VCJD: -prion disease
-proteins in nerve cells misfolded
-leads to holes and plaques in the brain
-100% fatal
-normal protein that has denatured(misfolded)

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