AN -CP2
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- What are 2 common anticholinergic drugs used in Vet Medicine?
- Atropine & glycopyrrolate
- By what routes can anticholinergic drugs be administered?
- IV, IM or SC with IV used in emergency situations. SC & IM dosages are generally higher than IV dosages
- What does atropine do
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1.Blocks stimulation of the vagus nerve
2. Reduces salivation & tear secretions
3. Decreases GI motility
4. Causes mydriasis - need to protect eyes from light
5. Promotes bronchodilation
6. Atropine may increase musous secretions in the airways - When is use of atropine contraindicated?
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1. Pre-existing tachycardia
2, Congestive heart failure
3. Cpnstipation pr ileus
4. Can cause arrythmia - From what is atropine derived
- deadly nightshade plant
- From what is glycopyrrolate derived
- It is a synthetic quaternary ammonium derivative of atropine..
- What is a common glycopyrrolate
- Robinul-V
- How do anticholinergic drugs act
- They block certain receptors for acetylcholine which is produced by the parasympathetic part of the ANS
- What receptors does atropine effect
- Muscarinic receptors of the heart, GI, Bronchi, several secretory glands, the iris of the eye
- What other pre-anesthetic drugs can be combined with atropine?
- Acepromazine & ketamine
- Which pre-anesthetic drug can not be combined with atropine?
- Diazepam
- How long does it take atropine to take effect and what is the duration of the effect?
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20 minutes after SQ administration and almost immediately with IV
Lasts 60-90 minutes - What are the advantages to using glycopyrrolate over atropine?
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1. Longer duration
2. Less effect on heart rate
3. Less suppression of GI motility
4. Does NOT cross the placenta
5. Licensed for use in dogs - What is the disadvantage of using glycopyrrolate over atropine
- It is expensive
- What are neuroleptics
- Major tranquilizers
- Define a tranquilizer
- A drug that reduces anxiety but does not necessarily decrease aqareness and wakefulness.
- Define sedative
- A sedative causes reduced mental activity and sleepiness
- What is a good example of a true tranquilizer
- Diazepam (valium)
- What are the 3 classes of tranquilizer/sedatives
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1. Phenothiazines
2. Benzodiazepines
3. Alpha-2 agonists - What are commonly names phenothiazines?
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The "zines"
1. acepromozine
2. chlorpromazine
3. triflupromazine - Which drugs are categorized as major tranquilizers
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1. Phenothiaine
2. Butyrophenones - Which drugs are considered minor tranquilizers?
- 1. Benzodiazepines
- Which cat4egories of drugs are considered sedatives/hyponotics?
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1. Barbiturates
2. Thiazine derivatives - What drugs are thiazine derivatives?
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1. xylazine
2. medetomidine
3. Opiods - What are the most commonly used sedatives in Vet Med? & why
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phenothiazine drugs
1. Do not require detailed reconrd keeping
2. do not cause significant repiratory or cardiax depression
3. Have a wide margin of safety for healthy patients
4. Can be given in combination with other drugs (atropine, opioids & ketamine)
5. Can be administeres orally, SQ, IM or with caution IV - What are the positive effects of phenothiazines?
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1`. Act on the CNS
2. Decrease anxiety
3. Antiemetic effect (prevent vomiting)
4. Anti-arrhythmic effect
5. Anit-histimine effect
6. Long lasting - What are the negative effects of phenothiazines?
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1. Causes peripheral vasodialation which predisposes the animal to hypothermia and hypotension (lowered blood pressure)
2. Reduces seizure threshold
3. Has no analgesic effect
4. May cause excitation
5. Penile prolapse in horses
6. Bottle dose is 10 times the recommended dose. - When are phenothiazines contraindicated
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Neonates, geriatrics, and patients with liver dysfunction
Shocky, hypotensive or anemic patients - What are commonly used butyrophenones
- Droperodpl, innovat-vet
- Which drugs are in the group of benzodiazepines?
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The "pams"
1. Diazepam (valium)
2. Zolazepam (Telazol)
3. Midazolam (Versed)
4. Iorazepam (atican) - Which benzodiazepine is water soluablt?
- midazolam (versed)
- What is the only compatible anestheetic agent with diazepam
- ketamine can be mixed in equal volume with diazepam
- What are the postivie effects of benzodiazepines
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1.anti-anxiety and calming
2.Skeletal muscle relaxation
3. Anit-convulsant
4. Minimal adverse effects
5. Some can be used as an appetite stimulant in cats (BDiazepam & medazolam0
6. diapepam can help to modify undesirable behavior
7. can be used an an Injectable anesthetic agent
8. Diazepam calms cardiac patients - What are the disadvantages of benzodiazepines
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1. Are not water soluable xcept for meddazolam
2. No analgesic effect
3. Controlled substances so need record keeping
4. May see excitation
5. Use with caution in neonates and animals with known liver dysfunction
6. crosses the placenta - What are the advantages to midazolam over diazepam
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1. Water soluable so can be mised with other agents
2. Less irritating to tissue
3. More reliably absorbed after IM or SQ injection - Name common Alpha-2 adrenorreceptorsagonists
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1. xylazine (rompun, anased, gemini)
2. medetomidine (domitor)
3. Detomidine (Dormosedan)
4. Romifidine (SedivetO - What is another name for Aplha-2 agonists
- Thiazine derivatives
- What are the advantage of Alpha-2
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1 analgesic effect
2. reversing agents are available
3. decreases the amount of inhalant needed
4. metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
5. Absorbed thru the MM and skin abrasions
6. the dosge of other agents can be reduced - How do Alpha -2 work
- They stimulate the sympathetic nerve receptors within the brain and spinal cord and decrease the level of norepinephrine
- What are the disadvantages of alpha-2
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1. Potential for sever cardiovascular and respiratory comlications
2. Absorbed thru the MM - so any spillage should be cleaned up ASAP - What are the advantages to xylazine?
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1. variable concentrations available for both large & small animals
2. has a reversal agent: Yohimbine