Pathology 1st Test
Terms
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- Pathology and Pathogenesis
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Pathology- the study of diseases
Pathogenesis- How a disease develops - Etiology
- The causes of diseases
- Signs vs. Symptoms
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Signs- things you can see
Symptoms- things the patient complains of - Diagnosis vs. Prognosis
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Diagnosis- naming the disease
Prognosis- the forcasted outcome - clinical or gross vs. hisopathology
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clinical- what you're looking at
histopathology- what you see under a microscope - 3 Divisions of Pathology
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Anotomical Pathology- autopsy
Surgical Pathology- using a surgical speciman to find a diagnosis
Clinical Pathology- the biochemistry of drugs. - 11 Types of Diseases
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Familial or inheritted- genetic
COngenital- During development
Nutritional- Lacking vitamins or nutrients
Neoplastic-tumors (Benign is non cancerous, malignant is)
Autoimmune- an over functioning or non functioning of the immune system
Idiopathic- cause isn't known
Iatrogenic- caused inadvertantly by a health profesional
Factitious- self inflicted
Phychosomatic- caused by psycological states.
Inflamation, Infestation, and Infection
Trauma- physical and chemical - Dystrophic vs. metastatic calcification
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Dystrophic occurs on dead, dying, or injured cells. Serum calcium is fine. It is deadly in the aorta, but not in the musculoskeleton
Metastatic calcification- occurs in healthy cells, elevated serum calcium - All things that can happen to a cell that is injured
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metaplasia- reversible change in the cell type
dysplasia- irreversible cell type change...ist step in cancer
hyperplasia- increasing the number of cells
atrophy- happens when blood flow is cut off, smaller cell
hypertrophy- cell gets bigger
pynkosis- happens when the cell dies, an atrophy of the nucleaus
cloudy swelling- happens when there is too much water in the cytoplasm.
fatty changes- happens when you drink - Necrosis vs. Apoptosis
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Necrosis occurs when a dead cell is surrounded by living cells. It is an irritant and causes inflamation
Apoptosis is the planned death of a cell. The cell breaks up into membrane bound bodies that are eaten by phagocytosis - 6 types of necrosis
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Liquifactive Necrosis- formation of puss filled abscesses. Usually occurs when blood is cut of to the brain. Cells atrophy and liquify
Coagulative- occurs when blood is cut off to the cardiac
Caseous- a white, cottage cheese like substance forms...TB
Ischemic- when blood flow is cut off and leads to necrosis
Gangrene- bacterial infection of the necrosis
Fat Necrosis- maily in pancreus.....fat turns into a white, soapy substance. - What did Virchow do?
- Perfected the autopsy technique and took pathology to a microscopic level.
- What is the terrible triad?
- Thrombosis, embolism, infarction
- Thrombosis
- a blood clot that has attached to a blood vessel
- Main causes of thrombosis
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endothilial injury- blood meets connective tissue
abnormal blood flow- either stasis or turbulence
hypercoagulation due to cancer or medication - features and types of thrombosis
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lines of zahn- show blood is circulating- layers of RBC, WBC, and platlets
- in both arteries and veins (just veins called phlebothrombosis)
-occlusive thrombosis- blocks the blood vessel
mural thrombosis- occur on the cardiac wall
Propagating thrombosis- grow a tail, ususally in the veins - Fates of thrombosis
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Total resolutiono- body breaks down
Become scars after shrinking and turning into granulation
Recanalization- punching holes in the thrombosis so blood can run through
propagation- growing
embolism- braking off and traveling through the blood stream. - Embolism-
- a detached solid, liquid or gas that travels away from it's source in the blood
- What can an embolism be combosed of?
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Thrombosis (most common)
Air- happens during surgery or decompression
Fat- happens during a bone fracture
Septic- fungi, bacteria, etc..
Foreign objects
Tumors- metastatic tumors - Infarcation
- Ichemic necrosis- a cell dies after blood flow has been cut off - 99 percent arterial in nature.
- why do venous thrombi travel further than arterial?
- Arteries narrow more quickly, thus becoming blocked sooner
- Nature of blood supply's effects on infarction
- Some, such as the liver, kidney, heart, and lung are dualy supplied....thus lowering the risk of infarction
- vulneraibility to infarction
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Neurns- last 3,4 minutes w/o blood
myocardium- last 20 to 30 minutes
fibroblasts-hours - Organs that undergo infarction
- Kidney, lung, brain, heart
- oxygen content of the blood and its effect on infarction
- If oxygen content is too low (due to Carbon Monoxide poisoning, other things), infarction could occur.