u.s. history #7

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rutherford b. hayes: governor of ohio who ran for president as a republican in the election of 1876
ashcan school: a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life
coxey's army: unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief
wabash case: favorable to state regulation of those phases of interstate commerce upon which Congress itself had not acted. The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress granted by the commerce clause of the Constitution. The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission
william jenning bryan: Denfendent of the state in the Monkey trial against Scopes who was illegaly teaching evolution in the state of tenessee, Bryan won, he was a fundamentalist, he ran for president three time and everyone liked him
homestead act: Congress passed a bill in 1862, during the Civil War, which said that for every 10 dollars that any citizen (including women!) paid, the person would get 160 acres of public land. As soon as the war was over, the people started heading west for the land. It was used as an incentive to get people to move West. Many homesteaders were immigrants, so they had to fill out citizenship papers. Some western areas attracted people from specific countries: Germany, Sweden, Norway, etc.
chinese exclusion act: (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
pendleton act: 1883, enacted civil service reform, said the Civil Service Exam must be taken in order to recieve most government jobs (highest scores got the jobs), banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party
seward's folly: many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.
jane addams: the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
de lome letter: The Spanish ambassador insults President McKinley
national labor union: First large scale national of labors was the national labor union formed in 1866. In 1868 the NLU persuaded congress to Legalize an 8 hour day for government workers. Some refused to admit African Americans as members in their union.
samuel gompers: United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)
booker t. washington: was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community. Said African Americas must work patiently to move up in society.
battle of wounded knee: 1890 A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indain reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the resevation killing Indian men women and children.
rough riders: volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
american protective association: An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration
sioux wars: lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians wre led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.
chief joseph: Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations
james garfield: 20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage
interstate commerce act: Passed by Grover Cleveland in 1887, it forbade practices such as pools and rebates. It also set up the Interstate Commerce Commision, or ICC, to oversee railroads. It was a good thing the railroad industry was being governed by this because it limited and it also regulated the power and effect the industry had on government.
brooklyn bridge: 1883 Designed by John Roebling. Combines two structural systems, steal cables(tension) and the arches themselves (comprassion). established the structural basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also employed the first steel used in an American structure.
mongrel tariff: Tariff of 1883, a compromise measure that satisfied nobody. Duties were lowered on a few items, but increased on most manufactured goods.
frederick jackson turner: "The Significance of the Frontier in American History": American needed a frontier [inspired by "closing of frontier"]
u.s.s. maine: Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War
gentlemen's agreement: Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them
cross of gold speech: William Jennings Bryan's speech about being"pro silver"
william mckinley: 25th president, Republican, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism
compromise of 1877: Hayes would become president on the condition that he would (1) immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South (2) support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad
spanish american war: In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
munn v. illinois: Created ICC
helen hunt jackson: A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.
queen liliuokalani: The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
populist party: devloped in 1892 they were a mix of the poor black people and poor whites (farmers and labor unions).it was formed by Tom Watson. They wanted higher income tax, womens suffarge, silver act, secret ballad.
pullman strike: 1894 railway workers strike for higher wages against the Pullman Company, in which President Grover Cleveland issued an injunction (a court order to stop something) to prevent the strike.
knights of labor: 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
bessemer process: an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities
morrill land grant act: of 1862, in this act, the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.
sherman antitrust act: First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
exodusters: large number of blacks coming to Kansas from the South from 1879 to 1881 in a wave
american federation of labor: a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955
standard oil: Standard Oil was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was dissolved by the United States Supreme Court in 1911; John D. Rockefeller
homestead strike: volent strike at Andrew Carnegies homestead steel factory in pennsylvania, june 29 1892
haymarket square riot: 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.
plessy v. ferguson: as a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
muckrakers: American journalists and novelists (1900-1912) whose spotlight on corruption in business and government led to social reform.
the grange: 1867 by oliver h kelly their main goals was to enhance the lives of isolated farmer through social and fraternal activities self improvement
wilson gorman tariff: Imposed a duty on Cuban sugar, which was entering the US duty free under the McKinley Tariff. Economy deeply depended on exports
bureau of indian affairs: to manage Indian removal to western lands, Congress approved the creation of a new government agency
bland allison act: legislation in 1878 that strengthened the silver movement
transatlantic cable: The first transatlantic telegraph cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Foilhommerum, Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Heart's Content, in eastern Newfoundland. The transatlantic cable bridged North America and Europe, and expedited communication between the two. Whereas it would normally take at least ten days to deliver a message by ship, it now took a matter of minutes by telegraph

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