Psychology Ch. 7
Terms
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- punishment
- the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasnt consequences.
- operant conditioning
- conditioning that results from one's actions and the consequences they cause.
- conditioned stimulus
- a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural (or unconditioned) stimulus
- continuous reinforcement
- each time a behavior occurs, reinforcement is given.
- primary reinforcement
- something necessary for psychologial/physical survival that is used as a reward
- fixed interval schedule
- a reinforcement is recieved after a fixed amount of time has passed if the desired acts occurs.
- extinction
- the gradual loss on an association over time
- variable interval schedule
- reinforcemtn occurs after varying amounts of time if a desired act occurs.
- social learning
- all learning that occurs in a social situation
- observational learning
- a form of social learning in which the organism observes an imitates the behavior of others.
- partial reinforcement schedule
- reinforcement is not given each time an act is performed
- reinforcement
- something that follows a response and strenghens the tendency to repeat that response.
- schedules of reinforcement
- different methods of reinforcing.
- positive reinforcement
- strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant.
- secondary reinforcement
- antying that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as money bringing food
- conditioned response
- a response to a stimulus that is broght about by learning-for example, salivating at the word pickle
- stimulus
- anything that elicits a response
- classical conditioning
- ivan pavlov's method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
- cognitive map
- a mental image of where one is loaced in space
- stimulus generalization
- a response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original
- unconditioned response
- an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salivation to meat.
- generalization
- a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one.
- response
- a reaction to a stimulus
- conditioning
- making an association between two events by repeated exposure
- variable ratio schedule
- reinforcemnt occurs after a desired behavior occurs but a different number of disired acts is required each time.
- chaining
- reinforcing the connection between different parts of a sequence. like learning dance moves.
- strategies
- methods for solving problems.
- negative reinforcement
- strengthening a response by following it with taking away or avoiding something unpleasant.
- fixed ratio schedule
- reinforcement occurs after the desired act is performed a specific number of times
- unconditioned stimulus
- a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, such as meat causing salivation
- cognitive approach (to learning)
- a way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge