Bio 102 final
Terms
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- Phenotype
- appearance, the traits we observe
- genotype
- versions of genes called alleles (BB,Bb,Bb,bb)
- Mutation
- change in sequence of DNA
- Meiosis
- (2N-1N) Child Birth
- Mitosis
- (2N-2N) cell divides into two separate daughter cells.
- Chargaff's Rule
- A=T, C=G
- Genes
- part of DNA that code for proteins
- Karotype
- indicates and individuals chromosomes
- Humans chromosomes
- 1N=23, 2N=46 chromosomes
- Genetic Disorders
- predictable set of consequences caused by mutations
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Excess mucus, increased infections, something wrong with 7th chromosome.
- Huntingtons disease
- damage to brain and spinal cord, dominant, chromosome 4
- Hemophilia A
- excess bruising, slow clotting, sex linked trait
- Species
- group of organisms that interbreed.
- Genome
- hereditary information in common between individuals of the same species
- Fruit Flys
- used in genetic research because they are easy to handle, short generation time, large number of offspring, affordable, and have easily identifiable traits. 2N=8
- Chimeras
- phenotypes of two or more organisms. ex-chick-quail, goat sheep
- transgenic
- organisms contain DNA for a different species
- Epigenes
- chemicals attaching to DNA and change the way genes function
- Golden Rice
- produces Beta-carotene in seed(Vitamin A) because much of the world is vitamin A dificiency.
- Bt Corn
- protien from bacillus repels european borer.
- GMO
- Genetically modified organisms
- Dolly the sheep
- first successful clone of adult mammal, 1997
- Henrietta Lacks
- hela cells, cancer is mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth
- What causes aging?
- shortening of telomeres(ends of chromosomes)
- Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death
- Evolution
- allele frequencies change over time.
- Natural Selection
- an individual is more fit than other members of its species, capable of surviving and reproducing.
- Sexual Selection
- an individual is more fit than other members of its same sex(within a species)
- Rufus Hummingbird
- males chase other males, representation of health
- Great frigate bird
- males have pouch for offspring, females choice for mating
- Bowerbirds
- offers female blue gift and builds bower for them.
- pipefish
- female attracts male
- Side Blotches lizards
- Females are yellow, males are orange blue or yellow. Orange male dominant.
- Genetic Drift
- Survival can be random, natural disasters can wipe out populations
- Milk snake and coral snake
- mutations in species make it difficult to tell apart.
- Habitat Isolation
- Deer mice
- Temporal Isolation
- different species of frogs mate during different months.
- Behavioral Isolation
- fireflies only mate with females of the same species
- Mechanical Isolation
- two species may reproduce hybrid ex-sage
- Allopatric Speciation
- Different locations, kaibab and abert squirrels.
- Sympatric Speciation
- two species develop in the same area.
- Apple Maggot Flies
- Sympatric and found in hawthorns
- Progression
- one species becomes another, horse shoe crab
- Galapagos Finches
- dry and wets years caused change in beak size frequency, adaptive radiation
- Everbearing Strawberries
- found in Utah, crossed plants to get everbearing
- Drought Resistance Berries
- found in florida and crossed with other berries.
- Periwinkle
- kills cancer cells of leukemia, found in madagascar
- Borneo Tree
- HIV
- Earths total Species
- about 200 million
- current extinction rate
- 10,000 species per year
- primary cause of extinction
- habitat loss
- Black Footed Farret
- about 600 remain, food (prairie dogs) is being killed off
- Rufous Hare-Wallaby
- killed by introduced predators
- SocioBiology
- the science of explaining behaviors in evolutionary context.
- Florida Panther
- 89 left, often hit by cars on freeway, we now have breeding programs
- DDT
- insecticide, mosquitos accumulates in plants travels to species who feed on plants and travels to birds, causing eggs and bones to break.
- Hominin
- Human like species, terms bipedal and upright are used to describe human like.
- Ardipithecus ramidus
- oldest known hominin species. 5mya, walking upright they are 4 feet tall, canine teeth, small brain, muscular not chimp like.
- Australopithecus
- slightly larger than ardepithecus, 4mya climate change in africa.
- Homo Habilis
- 2.3 mya, stone tools found in africa, larger brain and under 5 foot, brow ridge
- Homo Erecetus
- 1.5 mya, large axe handles, shelters, first to leave africa and travel through europe and asia.
- Homo neanderthanlenis and homo sapiens
- 500 tya, better tools, social cooperation
- Homo Floresiensis
- as recent at 12tya, hight of 3 ft similar features of homo erectus, confusing scientist.
- Relative fitness
- individuals chance of having offspring compared to other individuals
- Stickleback fish
- males develop red bellies and start to fight, separate into territories, build algae huts in water, mating dance, if female approves she goes into inspect hut and lay eggs,
- Innate behaviors
- found in nature, reflex, modal action pattern, and drive.
- Reflex
- Innate behavior, an automatic response to a specific stimulus
- Modal Action pattern
- innate behavior, a series of fixed reflex responses
- Drive
- Innate behavior, internal stimulus promote behavior.
- Learned Behaviors
- Nurture, imprinting, habituation, associated learning, latent learning, and insight.
- Imprinting
- learned behavior, learning during sensitive period of time.
- Habituation
- learned behavior, learning to ignore specific stimulus
- Associated learning
- learned behavior, relating one stimulus to another
- Latent learning
- learned behavior, learning while focused on other activities
- Insight
- Learned behavior, using prior knowledge in a new situation
- Factors impacting fitness
- limited resources, territory, mates, food, water
- Garter snake
- example of simple sexual selection
- dance fly
- complex, wraps a food gift in silk to offer to females
- Packrat
- optimizes food resource, produces carmel like form of feces that is eaten by settlers
- Continual threats
- disease, predators
- Behavior can minimize disease
- birds tend to make nest with fresh wild carrot leaves because it holds its own pesticides and reduces mites
- Meadow Vole
- many mates, promiscuous
- Prairie Vole
- monogamous, has an active vasopressin receptor gene
- Inclusive Fitness
- fitness includes reproductive success of relatives (similar alleles)
- Reciprocal Altruism
- sacrificing for someone else
- Cognition
- understanding the world
- Intelligence
- cognitive capacity
- Spacial Intelligence
- shapes
- Musical Intelligence
- not music, tone
- Bodily Intelligence
- kinesthetic, both awareness
- Interpersonal intelligence
- relate and understand other of your species. (social)
- Koko the Gorilla
- her behaviors rely on multiple forms of intelligence.
- Rhesus monkey
- intelligence linked to protein changes in the brain
- Hypothalamus
- has genes that turn on and off, releasing hormones often triggered by changing lights.
- Atrazine
- herbicide that alters gene expression, ex-increases enzyme which transform testosterone into estrogen in male frogs
- Caffeine
- may slow fetal growth, varied results may be genetic
- BRCA
- Breast Cancer alleles, myriad corporation owns patent to BRCA genes and tests
- A blood type corresponds to
- small pox
- Taxoplasma
- carried by cats in its intestines
- Giardia
- is a parasite that is a type of protist
- Humans w/ high levels of nitric oxide
- defense against malaria
- Tuberculosis
- bacterial disease that demonstrates resistance to antibiotics
- Bacteria
- parasites which are simple single celled organisms that can cause disease when the produce toxins that damage the human host
- Sickle Cell anemia alleles offer protection from areas with what disease?
- malaria
- Weaver bird nest
- grass nest with long and down turned neck
- Aggression and fear
- related too concentrations of protein hormones and receptors in structures of the brain that make these behaviors more likely
- Pill Bug
- invertebrate with shell like exoskeleton and needs damp enviornment
- Kinses
- random movement that is not headed toward or away from a stimulus. EX woodlouse becoming more active when its warmer outside.
- Jane Goodall had extensively researched
- chimpanzees
- Social Entholoist
- study of animals social behaviors
- Ethology
- study of animal behaviors
- Monday night football advantage
- West coast