Psych test Memory
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Encoding
-
Process that puts info to be remembered into forms we can use
-use memory codes to do this - Memory codes
-
go from the senses to mental representations
-Acoustic
- Visual
-Semantic - Acoustic Code
- Sound
- Visual Code
- sight/pictures
- Semantic Codes
- general meaning of an experience (recognising an experience)
- Storage
- holding of info. in memory over time
- Retrieval
-
-ability to find info. and bring it into conciousness
-Finding/ retrieving memories
-Recall and recognition - Recall
- trying to remember without using hints
- Recognition
- remembering memories using hints
- Episodic Memory
- A Memory of any event that happened while you were there EVENTS
- Semantic Memory
- Generalized knowledge about your world (no specific events) INFORMATION
- Procedural Memory
-
Involves a memory of how to do something- ACTION
ex. ride a bike, walk - Explicit Memories
- deliberately tyring to remember a memory
- Implicit Memories
- unintentional recollection and influence of prior experience
- Information Processing Model
-
For Info to be placed firmly in memory, goes through 3 mental processes
1) Sensory Mem.
2) STM
3) LTM - Sensory Memory
-
-deals with sensation and Perception
-info held for less than 1 sec.
-goes to STM if it is important, if not , gone in 20 sec.
-further processing enters LTM - Short Term Memory
-
18-30 sec. long
DOES MENTAL WORK
acoustic- saying things out loud
visual- writing them down
physical- new dance move - "Magic Number"- Chunks
-
6-7 bits of info. at a time in STM
Miller- STM = 5 + or - 2 (3-7) chunks of info. - Diff. between LTM and STM
-
STM- more detailed info- frontal lobe
LTM- holds memories with meaning- may lose some detail- hippocampus and cerebral cortex - Rehersal
- repeating things over and over
- Long Term Memory
-
3 ways to store LTM
1)Procedural
2)Semantic
3)Episodic
-Procedural and Semantic stored the best - Procedural LTM
-
bringing out the memory of skills
ABILITY TO DO SOMETHING - Semantic LTM
-
memory for meaning
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
(ex: rem. meaning of moment or person) - Episodic LTM
- Stores info. of experiences that u are involved in w/a specific time and space
- Recall Retrieval
-
ex: essay questions
give no clues - Recognition Retrieval
-
ex: Multiple choice
Use Clues - Re-Learning Method
- If it takes less time to re-learn info than the first time, then it is in your memory
- Serial Effect
-
1st words go to the LTM because of rehersal
Last Words go to STM and are easy to retrieve
ex: reading the word list - Retrieval Cues
- stimuli which help you retrieve info. from the LTM
- Encoding Specificity Principle
-
The effectiveness of retrieval cues depends on extent to which they tap into info. that was encoded at the time of learning
(BETTER THE RETRIEVAL CUE = FASTER YOU RETRIEVE) - Context Dependant Memories
- memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences in the environment (ex. apple smell room)
- State Dependant Memories
- The retrieval of memories are influenced by our internal state (ex: feel happy in relationship - remember happy times, feel sad- remember sad times)
- Constructive memory
- Filling in the gaps based on generalized knowledge (ex. Room- thinking there was a wastebasket or book)
- Decay Theory
- Memories that are unused are going to fade over time- WORKS ONLY FOR STM
- Interference Theory
- Other memories (similar to the one you are trying to recall) will interfere with the retrieval of a particular memory
- Proactive Interference
-
OLD
Interference built up by prior learning
(can remember old info, but not new)
ex: Remembering James's room # interferes with remembering Amandas - Retroactive Interference
-
NEW
Interference created by later learning
(Can remember new info. not old)
ex: can remember Amanda's new # but forget the one James told you - Reconstruction Theory
- Info. in the LTM is not forgotten but is sometimes reacalled in a distorted or incorrect way
- Motivated Forgetting Theory
-
(Freud)
Forgetting info. because it's threatening to us
(traumatic exper.) - Visual Biology of Memory
-
visual info. is 1st routed through the thalamus to the occipital area of the cerebral cortex (sensory register)
FEW SECS - STM Biology of Remembering
-
relayed to frontal and parietal lobes
30 SEC - LTM Biology of Forgetting
- info. transferred to hippocampus(can be stored for several weeks to months) and then transfrerred to where it was processed
- Recalling LTM (Biology)
- uses Frontal Lobe and held in STM storage (pulling out LTM process)
- Anterograde Amnesia
-
the inability to conciously retrieve new info. from the LTM
-lasts forever
-procedural mem. not effected
(ex. guy in video) - Retrograde Amnesia
-
Old memories can't be recalled but new ones can
Temporary