Crisis of the Later Middle Ages Terms
Terms
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- Philip the Fair
- Father of the three kings of France during 1314-1328. These kings failed to resolve the agrarian crisis of the 13th and 14th century.
- Black Death (Plague
- A Plague that began in 1291 and ravaged Europe. An estimated 1/3 met their end to this terrible disease. The plague greatly shaped the institutions of Europe, and changed history forever.
- Statue of Laborers
- An attempt by landlords and employers to combat the higher wages as a result of the plague. This attempt was largely unsuccessful.
- Flagellants
- Religious fanatics who believed that the plague was a result of sin, and whipped themselves for penance.
- Dance of Death
- A work of art that shows a skeleton leading a living person into the land of the dead.
- 100 Years War
- War that took place over a 116 year period, with pauses. This war was fought between France and England, over the issue of the English king’s power over France.
- Crecy
- Important battle in the 100 years war that proved the superiority of the English longbow over the French crossbow.
- Joan of Arc
- French woman who inspired the French to win the Battle of Orleans and eventually the war. However, she was declared a heretic and burned at the stake.
- English Commons
- A representative assembly that worked together to achieve their goals. They held the country’s funds, and could often manipulate the monarchy with this power.
- Babylonian Captivity
- Period of time (1309-1376) when the popes of the Roman Catholic church resided in Avignon, France. This later resulted in the Great Schism of Western Christianity.
- Catherine of Sienna
- Dominican mystic who beseeched the pope to return to Rome. The request was not granted. However, she gained widespread support.
- Legal Pluralism
- Holding several legal offices at the same time.
- Conciliarists
- Group of people who believed that the church should be run by a council
- Marsiglio of Padua
- Wrote Defensor Pacis. Believed that the church was subordinate to the state.
- Defensor Pacis
- Book written by Marsiglio of Padua. The book claimed that the church had no jurisdiction and was inferior to the state. The book was condemned and Marsiglio was excommunicated.
- John Wycliff
- Philosopher who thought sincere Christians should read the Bible for themselves. His followers were called Lollards. His words struck at the very heart of the current church’s institution.
- Lollards
- Followers of Wyclif. They allowed women preachers and called for a return to a simpler faith.
- Council of Constance
- Council brought together to end the Great Schism, to reform the church, and to end heresy.
- Jan Hus
- Czech priest who challenged the church. He was burned at the stake.
- John and Margaret Paston
- A couple whose letters provided a valuable insight into the marriage life of people during the Middle Ages
- Fur collar crime
- Crimes committed by renegade nobles
- Mudejars
- Muslim subjects of Christian kings in Spain
- Moors
- Muslims who lived in Spain
- Jakub Swinka
- Archbishop of Gniezno during 1283 to 1314. He hated Germans with a passion.
- John of Cracow
- The counterpart of Jakub Swinka who hated Poles with a passion.
- Black Death Plague
- A Plague that began in 1291 and ravaged Europe. An estimated 1/3 met their end to this terrible disease. The plague greatly shaped the institutions of Europe, and changed history forever.
- Great Schism
- The split of the Catholic Church. Powers in Europe aligned themselves with either the Antipope Clement VII or Urban VI. This split was resolved in 1417.
- John of Drazic
- Bishop of Prague. He only allowed Bohemians to enter his seminary.
- Dalimil Chronicle
- A survey of Bohemian history which includes the hostility the Czech people felt toward the Germans
- Statute of Kilkenny
- A law that prohibited the marriage between Irish and British people.
- Dante
- Author of the “Divine Comedy.†He was an Italian writer who held several positions in the city government. Later, he decided to write his “comedy.â€