Health Vocab
Terms
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- cardiorespiratory endurance
- The ability of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the cells to meet the demands of prolonged physical activity.
- Hypokinetic diseases
- "Hypo" denotes "lack of"; therefore, lack of physical activity.
- Alveoli
- Air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide (produced by the body) is released from the blood.
- Hemoglobin
- Iron-containing compound, found in red blood cells, that transports oxygen.
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- A high-energy chemical compound that the body uses for immediate energy.
- Oxygen uptake (VO2)
- The amount of oxygen used by the human body.
- Aerobic
- Exercise that requires oxygen to produce the necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity.
- Anaerobic
- Exercise that does not require oxygen to produce the necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity.
- Maximal oxygen uptake(VO2 Max)
- Maximum amount of oxygen the body is able to utilize per minute of physical activity, commonly expressed in ml/kg/min. The best indicator of cardiorespiratory or aerobic fitness.
- cardiac output
- Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
- stroke volume
- amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat
- workload
- amount or intensity of demands placed on the body during physical activity
- mitochondria
- structures within the cells where energy transformations take place
- capillaries
- smallest blood vessels carrying oxygentated blood to body tissues
- recovery time
- amount of time the body takes to return to resting levels after exercise
- bradycardia
- slower heart rate than normal
- sphygmomanometer
- device to measure blood pressure; consists of inflatable bladder contained within a cuff and a manometer(either mercury gravity or aneroid) from which the pressure is read
- systolic blood pressure
- pressure exerted by blood against walls of arteries during forceful contraction (systole) of the heart
- diastolic blood pressure
- pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the heart
- vigorous exercise
- cardiorespiratory exercise that requires an intensity level above 60 percent of maximal capacity
- intensity
- in cardiorespiratory exercise, how hard a person has to exercise to improve or maintain fitness
- heart rate reserve (HRR)
- the difference between the maximal heart rate and the resting heart reate
- maximal heart rate (MHR)
- highest heart rate for a person, related primarily to age
- resting heart rate (RHR)
- heart rate after a person has been sitting quietly for 15-20 minutes
- rate of perceived exertion (RPE)
- a perception scale to monitor or interpret the intensity of aerobic exercise
- mode
- form of exercise
- cross-training
- a combination of aerobic activities that contribute to overall fitness
- aerobic dance
- a series of exercise routines performed to music
- high-impact aerobics
- exercises incorporating movements in which both feet are off the ground at the same time momentarily
- low-impact aerobics
- exercises in which at least one foot is in contact with the ground or floor at all times
- step aerobics
- a form of exercise that combines stepping up and down from a bench with arm movements
- plyometric training
- a form of aerobic exercise that requires forceful jumps or springing off the ground immediately after landing from a previous jump
- interval training
- a series of exercise work bouts (intervals) interspersed with low-intensty or rest intervals
- MET
- the rate or resting energy expenditure at rest; MET is the equivalent of 3.5 ml/kg/min
- endorphins
- morphine-like substances released from the pituitary gland (in the brain) during prolonged aerobic exercise; thought to induce feelings of euphoria and natural well-being
- dysmenorrhea
- painful menstruation
- amenorrhea
- cessation of regular menstrual flow
- thermogenic response
- amount of energy required to digest food
- heat cramps
- muscle spasms cuased by heat-induced changes in electrolyte balance in myscle cells
- heat exhaustion
- heat-related fatigue
- heat stroke
- emergency situation resulting fomr the body being subjected to high atmospheric temperatures
- hypothermia
- a breakdown in the body's ability to generate heat; a drop in body temperature below 95 degrees F
- exercise intolerance
- inability to function during exercise because of excessive fatigue or extreme feelings of discomfort
- side stitch
- a sharp pain in the side of the abdomen
- shin splints
- injury to the lower leg characterized by pain and irritation in the shin region of the leg
- functional independence
- ability to carry out activites of daily living without assistance from other individuals
- nutrition
- science that studies the relationship of foods to optimal health and performance
- substrate
- substance acted upon by an enzyme (examples: carbohydrates and fats)
- nutrients
- substances found in food that provide energy, regulate metabolism, and help with growth and repair of body tissues
- nutrient density
- a measure of the amount of nutrients and calories in various foods
- calorie
- the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Centigrade; used to measure the energy value of food and cost (energy expenditure) of physical activity
- carbohydrates
- a classification of dietary nutrient containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the major source of energy for the human body
- simple carbohydrates
- formed by simple or double sugar units with little nutritive value; divided into monosaccharides and disaccharides
- monosaccharides
- the simplest carbohydrates (sugars), formed by five- or six-carbon skeletons. the three most common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose
- adipose tissue
- fat cells in the body
- disaccharides
- simple carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharide units linked together, one of which is glucose. the major disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose
- complex carbohydrates
- carbohydrates formed by three or more simple sugar molecules linked together; also referred to as "polysaccharides"
- glycogen
- form in which glucose is stored in the body
- dietary fiber
- a complex carbohydrate in plant foods that is not digested but is essential to the digestion process
- peristalsis
- involuntary muscle contractions of intestinal walls that facilitate excretion of wastes
- fats
- nutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, some oxygen, and sometimes other chemical elements
- transfatty acid
- solidified fat formed by adding hydrogen to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats to increase shelf life
- omega-3 fatty acid
- polyunsaturated fatty acids found primarily in cold-water seafood, flaxseed, and flaxseed oil; thought to lower blood cholesterol and triglycerides
- omega-6 fatty acids
- polyunsaturated fatty acids found primarily in corn and sunflower oils and most oils in processed foods
- lipoproteins
- lipids covered by proteins, they transport fats in the blood; types are LDL, HDL, and VLDL
- sterols
- derived fats, of which cholesterol is the best-known example
- proteins
- complex organic compounds containing nitrogen and formed by combination of amino acids; the main substances used in the body to build and repair tissues
- enzymes
- catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in the body
- amino acids
- chemical compounds that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the basic building blocks of the body uses to build different types of protein
- vitamins
- organic nutrients essential for normal metabolism, growth, and development of the body
- minerals
- inorganic elements found in the body and in food; essential for normal body functions
- lactic acid
- end produce of anaerobic glycolsis (metabolism)
- dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
- a general tem that descibes four types of nutrient standards that establish adequate amounts and maximum safe nutrient intakes in the diet. these standards are Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
- estimated average requirements (EAR)
- the amount of a nutrient that meets the dietary needs in half the people
- recommended dietary allowances (RDA)
- the daily amount of a nutrient (statistically determined from the EARs) considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of almost 98 percent of all healthy people in the United States
- adequate intakes (AI)
- the recommended amount of a nutrient intake when sufficient evidence is not available to calculate the EAR and subsequent RDA
- Upper Intake Level (UL)
- the highest level of nutrient intake that appers safe for most healthy people, beyond which exists an increased risk of adverse effects
- daily values (DVs)
- Reference values for nutrients and food components used in food labels
- life expectancy
- number of years a person is expected to lived based on the person's birth year
- chronic diiseases
- illnesses that last a long time
- health
- a state of complex well-being, and not just the absence of disease or infirmity
- healthy life expectancy (HLE)
- number of years a person is expected to live in good health. this number is obtained by subtracting ill-health years from the overall life expectancy
- physical activity
- bodily movement produced by skeletal msucles; requires expenditure of energy and produces progressive health benefits
- exercise
- a type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness
- moderate physical activity
- activity that uses 150 calories of energy per day, or 1,000 calories per week
- risk factors
- characteristics that predict the development of certain diseases
- wellness
- the constant and deliberate effort to stay healthy and achieve the highest potential for well-being. it encompasses seven dimensions-physical, emotional, mental, social, environmental, occupational, and spiritual-and integrates them all into a quality life
- physical wellness
- good physical fitness and confidence in one's personal ability to take care of health problems
- emotional wellness
- the ability to understand your own feelings, accept your limitations, and achieve emotional stability
- mental wellness
- a state in which your mind is engaged in lively interaction with the world around you
- social wellness
- the ability to relate well to others, both within and outside the family unit
- environmental wellness
- the capability to live in a clean and safe environment that is not detrimental to health
- occupational wellness
- the ability to perform one's job skillfully and effectively under conditions that provide personal and team satisfaction and adequately reward each individual
- spiritual wellness
- the sense that life is meaningful, that life has purpose, and that some power brings all humanity together; the ethics, values, and morals that guide us and give meaning and direction to life
- prayer
- sincere and humble communication with a higher power
- altruism
- true concern for the welfare of others