AP US IDS CH 28

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smith connoly act: was an American law passed on June 25, 1943 over President Franklin D. Roosevelt's veto. This act let the federal government seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production (in World War II). It also prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections.
fort dix riots: changes in African American military service did not come easily, in partially integrated army bases( Fort Dix), riots occasionally broke out when black soldiers protested having to serve in segregated divisions.
george c. marshall: army chief of staff, he supported a plan for a major Allied invasion of France across the English Channel in the spring of 1943, and he placed a previously little known general, Eisenhower, in charge of planning the operation.
thomas dewey: The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment.
george s. patton: Blood 'n' Guts"; commanded lunges across France by American armored tank division; commander during WWII
office of price administration: Government agency which successful combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.
albert eistein: A German-born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb, because he believed that Germans were already doing the same.
united servicemens organization: recruited thousands of young women to serve as hostesses in their clubs to increase troop morale, they were expected to dress nicely, dance well, and chat happily with lonely men.
erwin rommel: was perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. He is thought by many to have been the most skilled commander of desert warfare in World War II.
battle of okinawa: The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.
centrimetric radar: narrow beams of short wavelength made radar more efficient and effective than before. Discovered by the British navy in April 1941 when the instruments on one of the ships detected a surfaced submarine 10 miles away at night and, on another occasion, spotted a periscope at 3 quarters of a mile range.
chester nimitz: Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them.
enigma machine: Germany used this machine for coded communication; it proved effective because it constantly change the coding system it used.
a. philip randolph: He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII.
war production board: This board halted the manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars. It assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials. It imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing because, due to the Dutch East Indies ending their exports of natural rubber to the U.S., they wanted to conserve rubber. They also built fifty-one synthetic rubber plants.
navajo code talkers: many Native Americans worked these jobs, working in military communications and speaking their own language (which few enemy forces could understand) over the radio and telephones.
dday normandy: June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
congress of racial equality: organized in 1942, mobilized mass popular resistance to discrimination in a way that the older, more conservative organizations had never done, (African American leaders helped organize sit ins and demonstrations in segregated theaters and restaurants).
harry s. truman/ truman committee: during the election of 1944, Roosevelt acquiesced in the selection of Senator Truman of Missouri, who had won acclaim as chairman of the Senate War Investigating Committee (Truman committee), which compiled an impressive record uncovering waste and corruption in wartime production.
revenue act of 1942: increased individual income tax rates, increased corporate tax rates (top rate rose from 31 % to 40 %), and reduced the personal exemption amount from $1,500 to $1,200 (married couples). The exemption amount for each dependent was reduced from $400 to $350.
Manhattan project/ Oppenheimer/ Alamogordo, NM: Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and Caltech, he headed the secret U.S. atomic bomb project in New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.
battle of the bulge: December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
office of war mobilization: the government transferred some of the WPB's authority to this new office in the White House, this new office was only slightly more successful.
swing/ big bands: swing was by far the most popular music in dance halls and on the radio, a relatively new jazz form adopted from the African American musical world. Swing sold more records than any other kind of music and became one of the first forms of popular music to challenge racial taboos.
omar bradley: - as Russians launched an attack in Germany; General Bradley was pushing toward the Rhine from the west. Early in March, his forces captured the city of Cologne on the river's west bank. The next day, he discovered and seized an undamaged bridge over the river at Remagen; Allied troops were soon pouring across the Rhine.
zoot suit riots: in Los Angeles in June 1943 were a product of the suspicion with which Anglos (servicemen stationed nearby) looked at the culture of the Chicano communities that were growing rapidly throughout the Southwest with animosity.
the missouri: after the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan the Japanese government announced it was ready to give up, and on September 2, 1945 on board the American battleship anchored in Tokyo Bay, Japanese officials signed the articles of surrender.
issei/ nissei/ japanese internment: Issei were first generation Japanese immigrants, while Nisei were naturalized or native born citizens of the U.S. The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese living in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese (both Issei and Nisei) and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S.
battle of stalingrad: critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II.
ultra project: a top-secret British project used to gather intelligence, giving the Allies a good advantage. Examples of their successes were capturing Japanese and German intelligence devices, of puzzling out the enemy's systems and advances in computer technology.
national defense research committee: headed by MIT scientist Vannevar Bush, who had been a pioneer in the early development of the computer. By the end of the war, this new agency had spent more than $100 million on research, more than four times the amount spent by the government on military research and development in the previous forty years.
no strike pledge: one of the concessions the labor unions made with the federal government, agreeing to not stop production in wartime. Despite this agreement at least 15,000 work stoppages or wildcat strikes took place during the war.
dwight d. eisenhower: He was the U. S. general who led the attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942.He was the master organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the1956 elections and won. He was very well liked by the public.
fair employement practices commission: Roosevelt established this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to protect and serve all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment.
enola gay/ hiroshima/ nagasaki: On August 6, 1945 an American B-29 dropped an atomic weapon on the Japanese industrial center at Hiroshima. With a single bomb four square miles were completely incinerated, more than 80, 000 civilians died, and many more suffered crippling effects of radioactive fall out. Later a more damaging atomic weapon was dropped on Nagasaki.
braceros program: agreement between American and Mexican governments, by which contract laborers would be admitted to the US for a limited time. Some worked as migrant laborers, but many Mexicans were able to find factory jobs.
american magic: an important breakthrough in intelligence, and counter part to the British Ultra, it resulted in American access to intercepted info, that if properly interpreted, could have alerted them to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
Douglass Mcarthur: planned one of the two broad American offensives that turned the tide against the Japanese. His offensive moved north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines.

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