Exam Review Part 1
Terms 1 through 90 of "First Term Review Part 1-The Renaissance" By: Laura, Allen, and Zach.
Terms
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- Hundred Years' War
- (1337-1453)England vs. France, England lost all its land in France, made France feel like they were on top of the world which caused them to join the Italian war (lost)
- Pope Pius II
- (1458-1464) tried to preserve ancient Roman structures, issued Excrabilis to Martin Luther
- 1453
- Fall of Constantinople, trade went from unlimited to very limited, competition between states
- Erasmus
- (1466-1536 Dutch) "Prince of Humanists" Wrote "Praise of Folly" (1509)
- Charles V
- Forced to focus on Turkish and French invasions while the Lutherans prosper. When it came time for him to fight the Shmalkaldic League he had already began to lose the battles.
- Early Renaissance
- Re-birth of culture, "...out of the slums of the dark ages"
- Peasantry
- made up the majority of the population and the 3rd estate
- Francis I
- Valois Dynasty, didn't call the Estates General, fought against Charles V in the Italian wars
- John Hus
- Leader that called for elimination of The Catholic Church. Unfortunately the Great Schism came to an end with the Council of Constance, and he was burned a the stake. Lead the Hussites.
- High Renaissance
- centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint
- Alexander VI
- Of the Borgia family, encouraged his son (Cesare) to create Italian state by any means necessary
- Individualism
- becoming no longer about the community, now it is about bettering yourself
- Sejm
- Polish national diet.
- Naples
- the kingdom of two sicilies included Sicily and _____,it includes half of the Italian Peninsula but never became really powerful
- Dowry
- the money, goods, or estate that a wife brings to her husband at marriage
- Botticelli
- (1445-1510), Florence painter; Primavera, The Birth of Venus, inspired by Greek mythology, had a religious conversion and tried to burn all his older paintings
- Valla
- Elegances of the Latin Language; papal secretary; reinterpreted the Donation of Copnstantine and found out it was a fraud; papal authority was then questioned
- Hanseatic League
- North Germans who came together to form a commercial and military association, had a monopoly in northern European trade for almost 200 years
- Giotto
- c.1266-1337; father of renaissance painting; The Ascension; Funeral of St. Francis; uses perspective/facial expressions
- Milan
- center of overland tradebetween Italy's seaports, gained wealth from agriculture and industry,ruled by the Sforzas after 1450
- 1453
- Fall of Constantinople, taken over by Turks, trade through the port is extremely limited.
- Brunelleschi
- (1377-1446 in Rome) Interior of San Lorenzo.
- Jan van Eyck
- (1390-1441 in Flanders) Among The first to use oil paints "Giovonni Arnolfini and His Bride".
- Reichstag
- the seat of the German parliament
- Spanish Reconquista
- The decision to remove all Moors and Jews from Granada.
- Leonardo Bruni
- wrote "New Cicero" which has the idea that humanists believe that their studies of humanism should be put to the service of the state, were better than middle ages above new latin
- Northern Renaissance
- Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
- Sforza
- family that ruled milan after the death of the Visconti's
- Venice
- had one of the most effective governments in Europe, oligarchy, located on the Adriatic sea
- John Wyclif
- Wrote literature disgusted about the Churches, influenced the Lollads.
- Secularism
- having nothing to do with religion, its all about the state
- Julius II
- He was known as the warrior pope and was more involded in war and politics
- Peter Bruegel
- was Flemish; works include "The Wedding Banquent", "Children at Play", "The Beggers", and "The Wedding"
- Holy Roman Empire
- group of german nation-states that each acted independent, under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor
- Leo X
- A Medici. Best known for Renaissance culture.
- Babylonian Captivity
- French King stole the Papacy in 1300's. (French wanted a pope so they made one)
- Guilds
- association of people with the same work, sometimes they acted as the ruling body over a city
- Renaissance States
- the NATIONAL MONARCHIES such as Spain, France, and England that developed during this era. The Holy Roman Empire failed at uniting primarily because of the conflict within the Electoral College that did not allow the position of HRE to become hereditary.
- Spanish Inquisition
- The decision to remove all muslims from Granada.
- Richard III
- The last York King, defeated in the War of Roses.
- Papal States
- where Rome and the pope are
- Raphael
- (1483-1520 in Rome) "The School of Athens"
- Habsburgs
- Family that established dynasty in the HRE.
- Charles VIII
- Valois dynast, he was urged by Pope Innocent VIII to try and take naples from Ferdinand I. started a long series of Franco-Italian wars
- Estates-General
- was often called in times of financial crisis,only three votes, one for each estate, it was a consultative assembly
- Excrabilis
- (1460) made saying that there was a council over the pope heretical
- Serfdom
- feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions
- Lollards
- English group began to call for Church Reforms. Heavily influenced by the earlier writings by John Wycliffe, whose writings illustrated disgust aagainst the Catholic Church.
- Isabella d'Este
- known as "The First Lady of The Renaissance", daughter of the Duke of Ferrara,Granddaughter of Ferdinand the I of Naples
- Flanders
- area along the coast of belgium and France, it was known for high-quality woolen cloth.
- Charles the Bold
- He controlled Burgandy until Louis XI allowed the Swiss to invade and in the process he was killed, and his land went to France
- Pope Alexander VI
- Spanish Borgia Family, spent his money on his son's army, very secular, nepotism
- Charles VII
- After The Hundred Years War, he worked with the Estates-General to establish a royal army and to levy taille.
- Petrarch
- known for his sonnets to Laura,tried to imitate Latin by reading ancient texts, "father of humanism"
- House of Medici
- Bankers in Florence during the 15th century, Giovanni, Cosimo, and Lorenzo the Magnificent
- Christendom
- united western Europe under the pope
- Ivan III
- "Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia
- Christian Humanism
- a movement that developed in Northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- Their marriage in a way united the two largest kingdoms of Spain; still remained divided; and in the end the country lost their rank as a world power
- Great Schism
- The time when France had a pope and Italy had a Pope, they used all their time, focus, and resources to fight/kill each other.
- Artisans
- A skilled manual worker; a craftsperson
- Cosimo de Medici
- ruled Florence from 1434-1464 (first and last name)
- War of the Roses
- The civil war between the Lancaster family and the York family. The last battle was at bosworth field were Henry Tudor (of Lancaster red rose) established the Tudor Dynasty.(defeats King Richard III of York white rose) Becomes King Henry VII.
- Maximilian I
- he controlled the HRE, Poland, and most of Europe; his only heir was Charles V
- Renaissance Slavery
- used because the Black Death had made open jobs that could not be filled by skilled workers. Also, the slaves were used by the rich only.
- Machiavelli
- The Prince- rejected the traditional Christian veiw that the state is under divine right, he had a secular view on politics, Itailan Ren.
- Castiglione
- Book Of The Courtier- illustrated how a gentleman should act
- Universal Man
- well-rounded person, ex. Leonardo Da Vinci
- Michelangelo
- (1475-1564In Rome) "Creation of Adam", the superior "David", called himself the "Divine One"
- Cesare Borgia
- younger son of Pope Alexander VI, prototype of Niccolò Machiavelli's Prince —intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic
- Charles I and V
- Grandson of Ferdinand of Spain so he became _______, he was also the Habsburg heir to the HRE so he became _______, inherited Austria,Netherlands,Duchy of Burgundy, Spain and it empire, he fought withFrancis I, and Martin Luther (name and both #s)
- Liberal Studies
- a set of educational subjects that provides a path of virtue and wisdom
- Johannes Gutenberg
- a craftsman from Mainz, Germany who reinvented movable type in 1440. He then invented the printing press and printed the first bible.
- 1527
- Spanish and German Imperial troops sack Rome; ending Renaissance
- Albrecht Durer
- (1471-1528 in Nuremburg) Did not reject the use of minute details, characteristics of Northern artists. "Adoration of the Magi"
- Council of Constance
- brought an end to the Great Schism, tried to deal with the heresy problem by burning John Hus, caused the Hussite wars
- Leonardo da Vinci
- (1452-1519 in Rome) Artist of the "The last Supper", ("The Mona Lisa" in Milan)
- Ottoman Empire
- Muslims, that took over Constantinople in 1453.
- Lorenzo de Medici
- also known as _____ the magnificent, ruled florence from 1469-1492 (first and last name)
- Byzantine Empire
- it was a buffer between the Muslim Middle East and the Latin West, it was weakened by the fall of Constantinople, it was over run by the Turks
- Henry VII
- Defeated Richard III in the War of the Roses; and started the Tudor Dynas
- taille
- tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government
- Florence
- major center of textiles during 14th century, became an important banking industry, ruled by an oligarchy (medici)
- Treaty of Lodi
- peace agreement between Milan and Venice in 1454, established a BOP in Northern Italy
- Donatello
- Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.
- Parliament
- English goverment, established as the ruling body after the Glorious Revolution
- Heresy
- opinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion; ADJ. heretical; CF. heretic
- Hermeticism
- Belief that human beings had been created as divine creative power, but had freely chosen to enter the material world, created by Ficino who was commissioned by Cosimo de Medici
- Jacob Burckhardt
- he was an advocate of the Renaissance, he hated the Medieval Age