AP Euro Section 1
Terms
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Renaissance
Italian: rinascita
(1350-1600) - Means "rebirth" Time of significant contributions to western civilization. Especially in lit, art, philosophy, political&historical thought.
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Itanlian and Northern
Renaissance -
Italian Renn:primarily interested in secular concerns
Norhtern Renn:Religious concerns; lay foundation for Protestant Reformation - City States
- Self-governing state consisting of a city and surrounding territory. ie Italy during Renaissance
- Humanism
- Debated term among scholars; characterizeed as a program of study, including rhetoric and lit, based on what students in the classical world would have studied.
- Petrarch
- Francesco Patrarch, considered the father of humanism. Coined the phrase "Dark Ages" Sought out to find and study original classical Latin works.
- Classical Civilizations And Renaissance
- The ideas and philosophies of ancient Greece and Rome were revived during the Renaissance.
- Civic Humanists
- A group of wealthy young Flourentines who were inspired by Ptrarch's work, and went further by studying classical Greek language.
- Plato
- Ancient Greek Philosopher who had a great deal of interest to Renaissance writers.
- Pico della Mirandola
- Renaissance writer who wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" inspired by Plato's belief that ideals exist beyond our ability to recognize them.
- Castiglione
- One of the Renaissance writers who strove to describe the ideal man of the age. Wrote "The Courtier"
- Lorenzo Valla
- Critcal figure in the field of critical text analysis. Found that languages could tell a history of their own.
- Women In the Renaissance
- In the Middle Ages only women connected to nunneries learned to read and write, during Renaissance,a# of wealthy secular woman learned these skills.
- Medival Art vs. Renaissance Art
- Ren. Artsmen were given more individual recognition than Midival "annonymous craftsmen" Ren. Artist sought prestige and partonage from secular individuals vs spritual message, started using oil paintings, chiaroscuro,4 single point perspective
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High Renaissance
(end of 15th century) - Rome replaced Florence as the center of artistic patronage. Series of Popes were very interested in the arts
- Raphael (1483-1520)
- High Renaissance Artist who was given very important cmmissions in the Vatican palaces
- Leonardo DA Vinci (1452-1519)
- High Renaissance Artist, but also a military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist and inventor. Sketchbooks show workable designs fo submarines and helicopters. Painted the Mona Lisa
- Michelangelo (1475-1564)
- High Renaissance Artist/ sculptor. Famous works: sculpture of David,Sistine Chapel, Commissioned by 4 popes
- Northern Renaissance
- Italian Renaissance writers thought less about religion than the Northern writers, for whom Religion was paramount. They began to study early Christian authors
- Christian Humanists
- Northern writers such as Erasmus and More who criticized the mother church.
- Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)
- Greatest northern humanist, wrote many books about the Church and beliefs, was at first impressed with MArtin Luther's attack on church, but wanted to reform not abandon
- Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
- Englishman who wrote "Utopia" and became a martyr when he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as the Head of the Church of England
- Albrecht Durer
- Northern Renaissance Artist whose woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution of Martin Luther
- William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
- Great English playwrite who was unrivaled
- Johannes Gutenburg
- Invented the movable type printing press.
- Influence of Renaissance On Reformation
- The Renaissance led individuals to question certain aspects of the church;beliefs, pracitices, teachings
- Problems in the church
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1. Growing anticlericalism
2. a rise in pietism
3. poorly educated lower clergy
4.Simony - Geoffrey Chaucer
- wrote "The Canterbury Tales"
- Great Schism
- a time caused by the sad specter of three competing popes excommunicating each other.
- Pietism
- The notion of a direct relationship between an individual and God
- John Wycliffe (1329-1384))
- English man involved in the religious movement; questioned many things; told his followers to read the Bible and interpret it for themselves
- Jan Huss (1369-1415)
- Led a revolyt in Bohemia that combined religious and nationalistic elements; Was called before the Council of Constance in 1415& was burned at the stake
- Indulgences
- A practice that began during the drusades, people could pay the Church and buy their way into Heaven
- Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
- Martin Luther tacked his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church at Wittenberg. The theses attacked many practices og the Church and caused much controversey.
- Johann Tetzel
- A Dominican friar who was sent to preach the indugence throughout Germany with the famous phrase "A soon as the gold in the basin rings, the soul to heaven rings."
- Diet Of Worms
- a meeting of the German nobility.
- Sacraments
- Marriage, Ordination, Extreme Unction, Comfirmation, Penance, Communiuon, Baptism)
- Celibacy
- a : abstention from sexual intercourse b : abstention by vow from marriage
- 3 Reasons why the Refrormation Succeeded
- 1.Luther and his church were socially conservative and therefore not a threat to the social order 2.Luther was willing to subordinate his church to the authority of the German princes 3.Political issues within the Holy Roman Empire
- German Protestant Revolt of 1525
- German peasants revolted as a result of worsening economic conditions and a belief the Luther waas calling for egalitarianism
- Preisthood of all Believers
- Luthers call which was misinterpreted by the German peasants as a message of social egalitarianism
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
- Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation
- Peace Of Augsburg, 1555
- granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran, while a Cotholic ruler ensured the area remained Catholic.
- Anabaptists
- a religious sect that denied the idea of infant baptism
- Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
- Swiss reformist who's ideas were similar to Luther's but had major differences. Denied the sacraments and did not belive Christ was in the eucharist.
- John Calvin (1509-1564)
- French reformist who settled in Geneva Switzerland; wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religian", started Calvinism
- Predestination
- Calvin's view that grace is only given to few individuals while the rest were cosigned to hell
- Huguenots
- French Calivinists
- Henry VIII (r.1509-1546)
- English King who at first was supportive of the Catholic Church, but then started the Church of England when he couldn't get a divorce
- Catherine of Aragon
- Henry VIII's wife who he tried to divorce
- Anne Boleyn
- Young woman in Henry VIII's court whom he fell in love with.
- Act of Supremacy
- Acknowledged the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England
- Church Of England (Anglican)
- The Church started by Henry VIII
- Edward VI (r.1547-1553)
- son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
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Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)
Bloody Mary - Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who tried to reconnect England with the papacy
- Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
- Daughter of Henru VIII and Anne Boleyn who worked out a religous settle ment for the Church of England
- Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation
- The Catholic Church taking steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side.
- Index of Prohibited Books
- Created in the Counter Rerformation which included works by writers like Erasmus and Galileo
- papal Inquisition
- Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of heresy
- Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- Catholic movement that enhanced the power of the papacy and made reforms such as limiting the selling of church offices.
- Baroque Art
- form of art that came about due to the Council of Trent
- Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
- served as a teaching order and also as Catholic missionaries
- Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
- Spanish noble who organized the Jesuits