A and P Ch4

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What do the 2nd messengers do?: Relay messages to intracellular proteins that carry out dictated response
What can nerve and muscle cells change what into wat?: Their resting potentials into electrical signals (rapid)
What direction does the singal go from the dendrites?: To the cell body
Whcih GABA channel is glycine most similar to?: LGIC GABAa
where the length constant, l, is the point at which the Vm decreases to 37% of its initial value =: Squar Root (Rm/Ra)
What part of the synapse is the action potential propagated to?: The terminal of the presynapic neuron
What does the increase of ca initate?: interactions btw the snare protiens- bringing the vesicle to fuse with the plasma memebran and release NT
What are the 3 basic parts of a neron?: Cell body- dendrites and axons
What is characterized by an inward flow of postitive charge into the membrane?: Depolarization because its becoming less negative
Where are hormones released? Via what glands?: Into the blood via endocrine glands
spatial summation: simultaneous activation of two or more excitatory presynaptic inputs
What will stop ur heart? Wat range is good?: KCl 3-5 mM
What two receptors does Acetylcholine activate?: Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
What is a divergent circuit?: Whereby one neuron innervates multiple neurons
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differ in Effects: NT-usually alter potential postsynaptic cells by opening spefic ion channels NP- enhance or suppress synaptic effectivenss by long term changes in NT synthesis or postysnptic receptor sites
Soulbitiy of the Four Hormones?: P=Hydrophilic CA-Hydrophilic Thyroid-Lipophilic Steriods-Lipophilic
What are ex of other small transmitters?: histamine, adenosine and ATP
what is vesicle fusion dependent on?: ca
What are the three classifications of hormones?: Peptides Amines Steroids
What are the two responses that occur once the extracellular mess (1st messenger) binds to receptor?: Opening or closing of channels Activate 2nd messenger systems
How are mechanically gated channels activated?: Stretching or other mechanical deformations
What are two types of synapses: Excitatory and Inhibitory -Considered graded potentials
Two types of circuits btw neurons?: Convergent and divergent
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,Major functions: N- Coordinates rapid prescise response E-Controls activities that require long duration rather than speed
When do the K channels open and this causes wat?: They open wen Na channels inactivate- this causes a repolarization of the mem
Before the rising phase- what happens to the permeability of NA- and this causes?: Na increase P which is caused by NA influx= depolarization
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides diffrer in size?: NP are bigger than NT
Convergent: whereby one neuron receives multiple inputs
When does no more net movement occur?: When the outward electrical current exactly the inward concentration gradient
what is the symbol for inhibitory alpha units or channel?: Ai/o or Gi/o
What are collaterals?: Side branches of axons
What two types of cells are excitable?: Nerve and muscle cells
How is the conduction propagated in both A and G potentials?: Graded diminished with distance from initial site Action is constant throughout without diminishing AS LONG AS THERE IS A NA CHANNEL THERE
What is the longest receptor? large range: Tyrosine kinase receptors ie growth and insulin
What are all considered catecholamines and what are they synthesized from?: AA tyrosine- NE Da and Epi
Distance of Pracines?: Locally release compounds- diffuse from one cell to another
What are the two kinds of potential changes?: Graded and Action potentials
what is the symbol for stimulatory alpha subunits or channel?: As or Gs
What restores the con. Gradient disrupted by the action potentials?: Na/K pump Na in the ECF (out of cell) and K in the ICF (in cell)
How much faster are myelinated fibers than unmylienated?: 50 times faster
What does CA2 do?: It is the 2nd messenger and activates calmodulin
What is considered an excitatory synapse?: Glutamate "gas pedal"
Type of recptors for Histamine: GPCR
How are A and G triggered?: Graded is via stimulus of neurotransmitter with receptor or by spontaneous shifts in leak pump cycle Action is via depolarization to threshold- usually spread of graded potential
What are lipophilic hormones highly and lowly soluble in?: High in lipid and Poor in water
What is it called when there is a separation of charges?: Voltage
For the NA Ca ion channels- what form the actual ion pore?: P-regions form the actual ion pore
wat breaks down ACh: esterase
empty: empty
How are cell types identified?: by the types of NT synthesized stored and released
Wat is the putative calcium sensor for vesicle fusion?: synaptotagmin
Why is the resting potential -70 and not -90: Because Na is leaked out too which neutralizes
What is the fxn of myline?: Insulate axon electrically and to increase the rate of transmission of a nervous impulse
What occurs when membrane reaches threshold?: VOLTAGE gated channels change conformation- Na flows into the ICF (inside the cell) which reverse the Membrane potential from -70 to +30 K flows to the ECF (outside the cell)= restore to resting state
What are two types of propagation?: Contiguous conductions and Saltaory conduction
What mediate EPSP?: Glu receptors
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differe in speed and duration?: NT- rapid brief response NP Slow prolonged response
Once initiated- where are action potentials conducted?: Throughout nerve fiber
hat GRADUALLY restores the concentration gradient disrupted by the action potentials?: Na+ K pump But only in the LONG RUN Bc if not- the potential would be ran down
how are NT best identified by? which are?: by their effectors- which are different types of receptors
Voltage gated NA channels are closed but capable of opening when? Closed and NOT capable: The gates closed but the ball is free -When the ball is not free even tho the gate is open
Which type of receptor is GABAb: GPCR
In the cyclic AMP 2nd messenger pathway- what does the binding of a 1st messenger do?: Activated a G protein (alpha subunit)
empty: empty
Where is ther longer action potentials: In muscles
mv of K: -90 mV meaning is neg inside compared to the outside
Why does backward current not occur?: Because that area in in refractory period
What does IP3 do?: Mobalizes CA2+ stored in organelles
empty: empty
What happes if an excitatory presynaptic (EX1) input is stilumated a second time after the 1st ERSR in the postsynaptic cell has died off: A second EPSP of the same magnitude will occur
What accounts for the rising phase?: Na Influx
What is the 1st step of the steoid hormone gene reg pathway?: Lipophilic hormone diffuses thro the plasma membrane of target cells and binds to receptor Must be lipophilic to get thro the membrane
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,-means of specificity of action on target cells: N-depends on how close it is to nerve cells and target cells E-Depends on specificity of target cell cinding and responsivness to a particular hormone
What type of receptors do the catecholes have?: ONLY GPCR
What are things that use ligand gated ion channels?: cns depresseants, antianxiety agents, anti convulsants
What muscle does tetanus affect?: Skeletal
What is the fastest and wat is the slowes receptors?: LGIC is the fastest Growth Factors are the slowest
In regards to drug interactions,, what can be altered?: Synthesis, axonal transport, storage, or release of neurotransmitter
What are examples of paracrines?: NO (viagra), CO, Prostaglandins (ibuprofine), endogenous cannabioids (THC)
four types of receptors?: Ligand gated ion channel (LGIC), G Protien coupled receptors (GPCR), steorid orone receptor, Tyrosine Kinase recptors
WHich cascade is Gq/11 for? how many types?: PI hydrolysis cascade- one type
Fxn of neurotransmitters?: Carries signals across a synapse
What are the Three catechol amines and what is their structure?: Dopamine Norepi and Epi Benzene ring with Two Hydroxy groups
How many subunits are in GPCR?: only a single poly-peptide
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differ in site of relase: NT- axon terminal NP- axon termina- may be cosecrete with NT
What are hydrophilic hormones highly and lowly soluble in?: High in Water Low in lipid
What accounts for the hyperpolarization?: Slow to close K channels- allowing more K to leave than necessary- makes inside cell more negative
What does the flow of NA change the potential to in Action potentials?: +30 from -70
How are A and G potentials spread?: Graded passively spreads to neighboring inactive areas -Action self regernates in neighboring inactive areas
What are Collaterals?: Side branches of axon
Type of recptors forGlycine: LGIC
What is at its peak when threshold is met?: The Na permiatblitiy (Pna)
Graphically, what is considered the action potential?: From treshold to peak
What is considered a inhibitory synapses?: GABA "break pedal"
How do testosterone and Estradiol differe?: Estradiol has a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group Testosteron has only one double bond in the hexan ring- extra methyl group btw the two hexane rings and a carbonyl group instead of a hydroxyl group
What does depolarization do to th e membrane potential?: Closer to 0 Less negative
Synaptotagmin: calcium sensor
Temporal summation: two of the same signals are done at the same time before te EPSP dies- therefore summing
What are threes examples of drugs that alter synaptic transmission?: Cocaine, Strychnine, and tetanus Toxin
how do opitate analgesisc work: via presynaptic inhibition
What are responsible for the membrane potential?: Distribution of unbalanced charges
initation- what channels change- via what?: Voltage-gated SODIUM (OR CALCIUM) channels in the membrane undergo conformational changes (S4 segment) and the channel rapidly OPENS
Type of recptors for Serotonin: GPCR, LGIC but majority GPCR
What are the primary derivatives of Neurotransmitters?: Amino Acids
Hyperpolartization: Membrane becomes more polarized than at resting potential
What channel sets the membrane potential?: Kir
On graph of changed in mem potential- what is a downward curve?: INCREASE in potential= hyperpolarization
What are neurotransmitters usually derived from?: small amino acids (tyr and trp) or similar compunds
Four types of receptors?: Ligand Gated (LGIC) G Protiens (GPCR) Steroid Groth Factors and Tyrosine Kinase
What are the four types of hormones?: Peptides, catecholamines, Thyroid hormones and Steriods
Capacitance?: The ability of the mem to store a charge- that doesn't not exactly reporduce the current input as the timecourse of the voltage changes
Is there more NA in the ECF or the ICF?: ECF- outside the cell
The receptor sites for the 4 hormones: P-Surface of target cell CA-Surface of targe cells Throid-inside target cells S- inside target cells
Passive ion fluxes (leaks) are counterbalances by what?: Na K ATPase Pump Na usually goes into and K goes out so the pump does the opposite to balance
What happen as the trigger is stronger?: Stronger= mor channels open= postive charge enters cell= larger depolarization
What explains K having such a high permeability?: More channels open for passive K than NA
What does the Mrna do after is is made during the hormone cycle?: LEAVES the nucleous and makes new proteins out side
When are some of the Na voltage gated gates activated: When membrane starts to depolarize towards threshold- more open as it depolarize more= POSTIVE FEED BACK
What is contiguous conduction: Spread of action potential along ever patch of membrane down te length of the axon
Where are neuropetides packaged?: In large genes core vesicles presend in axon terminal
How many dopamine receptor subtypes exit?: TWo (D1 and D2)
What charge does the Nodes of Ranvior carry?: Postivie charge because these are where the channels are located
What does phospholipase C do?: Converts PIP2 (membrane componet) into DAG and IP3
Secretion or four hormones: P-Exocytosis of granules CA-Exocytosis of granules Thyroid-Endocytosis of Colloids Steroids- Simple diffusion
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,, what are their distance of action of chem. Messengers: N-short bc diffuse aroucc cleft E- long because carried by blood
Contiguous conduction Type of fibers Where is the action potential?: Unmyelinated fibers Action potential spread along every portion of the membrane
which receptor produces the most rapid and common EPSP and IPSP which excite or inhibit all CNS neurons?: LGIC
Where are neuropeptides synthesized?: In neuronal cell body in the ER and Golgi complex
Effect of Neuropeptides?: act as neromodulators- enhance or suppress snaptic effectiveness by longterm canges in NT synthesis
What serves as neurons input zone?: Dendrite and cell body
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differe in storages: NT- in small synptic vesicles in axon terminal NP-in large dence bore vesicles in axon terminal
How many subunits for nicotinic receptors?: at least nine
Duration of a action potential?: 1 msec
What happens to the NT as they are released and this causes wat??: Bind to receptors on the postynampic neroun causing the opening of channels in the subsynaptic membrane`
Polarization?: Any start wen the membrane potential is other than 0 mv
What is the reduced equation for NA and K (monovalent cations?): 61 mV x log10[ion out]/[ion in]
What are the biogenic amines?: NE DA Epi (seritonin is a indolamine)
What is the Nerst Equation: E (mV)= (RT/zF) x (ln [ion out]/ [ion in])
How many major subtypes and classes do NE/EPI receptors have? What are the classes?: 4 major subtypes in two major classes- a1/2 and B 1/2
What is considered the overshoot?: (o- neg 30)
What are Schwann Cells?: They act as insulators- make mylin in the PNS`
What happens if an excitory and inhibitory activate at the same time?: Nothing to the postsynaptic potential bc they cancel each other out
What does kinase A do?: Phosphoralates a particular intracellular protein
Ra: and the axial resistance down the process,
What does phosphorlation do to the protein?: Changes the shape and function which brings about cellular respone
how many subtypes do Muscarinic recptors have?: two main subtypes (M1 and M2)
And the Peak of the Rising phase- what happens to the Permeability of NA and K?: Na decreases and K increase
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,, what are their types of chem. Messengers?: N- uses NT released into the synaptic cleft E-hormones released into blood
Direction of the signal from Axon: Away from cell body
What are they four types of chemical messengers: Paracines Neurotransmitters Hormones and Neurohormones
empty: empty
Out of Contiguous or Saltatory conduction which is faster and why?: Saltatory bc the action potential doesn't have to be regenerated at myelinated section
Where do A and G occur in the membrane?: Graded is in specialized regions of membrane designed to respond Action in regions with voltage gated Na Channels
How do graded potentials and Action potentials magnitudes vary: Grade depends on the mag of the trigger Action depends on the frequence of the trigger
What does the 2nd stepp of the steoid hormone gene reg pathway do inturn?: Acitivates specific genes which produce complemntary messengers RNA
The concentration gradient and then the electrical gradient want to move k which way: Concentration gradient OUT Electrical gradient IN This is because there is more K inside the Cell so K wants to move out of it which makes it more positive on the outside and more negative on the inside so the positive of K wants to move inside towards the negative
How does cocaine alter synaptic transmission?: Blocks reuptakes of NT dopamine (norepi and serotonin) at the presynaptic terminals
Why is the membrane 50 to 70 times more permeable to k?: Becausue of the presence of many k leak cahnnels and few na leak channels
What two receptors control gene expression?: Steorid hormone and tyrosine kinase receptors
What type of receptors are used for Flight or fight?: GPCR
Speed of Neuropeptide release?: slow and prolonged
Which way does the NA K pump each ACTIVELY?: Na out and K in Keeping High NA in the ECF and K in the ICF Therefore making them wanting to go in the opposite directions (But Na passively goes into the cell and K goes out)
Wat accounts for the falling phase: K efflux
What is allowed to pass GABAa receptors?: monovalent ANION channel- mainly Cl-
Where are the nucleus and organelles housed in a neuron?: Cell body
What are muscarinic recptors aka?: mAChRs
How do extracelluar chem. Messengers bring about cell responses by what? And what is that?: Signal transduction- process by which incoming signals are conveyed to target cell's interior
Rm: the resistance across the membrane or
What are the two distinct groups of hormones based on their solubility properties?: Hydrophilic hormones and LIpohilic hormones
Type of recptors for GABA: Mostly lGIC some GPCR`
What does cyclic AMP do?: Act as 2nd messenger and activated the kinase A protein by binding to it
Which type of receptor is GABAa?: LGIC
What are the two main NT?: Glutamate/aspartate (dicarboxylic amino acid) and gamma-amino-butyric-acid
empty: empty
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,what are their anatomic arrangements?: N-Weird system- specific arrangment btw neurons and target cells- continuity sturcutual in the system E-wireless system- glands are widely dispersed- not structurally related to one another to target cell
wHat are axon terminals?: Release chem. Messengers- sinmultaneousl influence other cells with which they come into close associaton
Glu LGIC aka?: aka Ionotropic Glu Receptors
Repolarization: Membrane returns to resting potential after having depolarized
What does the Nerst equation tell us?: It's the balance bw [ ] gradient and voltage generated wen a permeable ion crosses the membrane down the gradient
Which of A and G can be summate?: Graded potentials can be summated- NOT action
What channel receptors do all biogenic amine transmitter activate: GPCRs ONLY
Where is the site of action for Neuropeptides?: nonsynaptic or presynaptic or postsynaptic cells at MUCH lower concentrations than NT
What is Axon hillock?: First portion of axon + region of cell body from which axon leaves
empty: empty
Type of recptors for Acetylcholine: (nicotinic) LGIC and GPCR (muscarinic)
When are the K channels activated to open?: When Na is inactivated But delayed becase initially triggered by initial depolarization to threshold
What two receptors does GABA activate?: GABAa and GABAb
What is sodiums equilibrium potential?: +60
empty: empty
Mode of transport in blood of the 4 hormones: Peptides-as a free hormones CatacolAmines-Half bound to plasma proteins Thyroid- mostly bound to plasma proteins Steroids-mostly bound to plasma proteins
What does calmodulin do?: Changes the shape and fxn of proteins which brings about the desired response in the cAMP cascade
number of transmembrane regions for GPCR?: 7
What is Spatial summation: EPSP are initiated by simultaneous activation of two EX1 and EX2 or more excitory presnaptic inputs
If EX1 is stimulated a second time before the first EPSP has died off what happens?: second EPSP will add onto or sum with the first EPSP= TEMPORAL summation- this brings the postsynaptic cell to threshold
What is epi considered and where is it realse?: Neurohormone reased fromt he adrenal gland only
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differe in site of synthesis?: NT in cytosol of synaptic knob NP ER and Golgi in cell body- travel to synptic know by axonal transport
What brings the potential back down to resting?: Opening of K channel to rush OUT of cells
How many subtypes have been identified for seritonin?: 7 subtypes
NA and K moves where?: Na Out and K in
Who makes Myelin in the PNS?: Schwann cells
Which of A and G has a refactory period: Only Action potentials
Why is it mostly neg outside the cell?: Cl
Wat are Nicotinc recptors aka?: nAChRs
How many Na for every K?: 3 Na/2K
Mechanism of Action for the 4 hormones: P-Channel changes or activation of 2nd messenger sys to alter activit of pre-exisiting proteins that produce the effect CA-Acitvation of 2nd messenger to alter activity of pre-existing proteins that produce the effect Thyroid-Activiation of specific genes to make new protein that produce the effects Steroids- activation of specific genese to make new proteins that produce the effect
Postsynaptic neuron: Neuron whose action potentials are propagated AWAY fromt eh synapse
WHich cascade is Gs for? how many types?: cAMP and there are two types
Two subclasses of Amines?: Catecholamines and Thyroid Hormones
Two types of direct intrercelluar communication: Gap junctions and transient direct linkup of cells
What are two things that cleave SNARE protiens= posion transmitter realease?: Tetnus and botulinum toxin
Where are action potentials propagated from and to?: From axon hillock to the axon terminals
How to describe the strength of the action potentials as they travel from one site thro the rest: Constant and doesn't decrease
What is the precursuer for progesterone?: Cholesterol
What are the two major regulartoy systems of the body?: Nervous and endocrine by communicating with the cells tissues organs systems they control
In phosphoinositide second messenger pathway, what does the binding of the 1st messange r than activates the G protein do?: Activates the enzyme phospholipase C
Why is an action potential constant and doesn't diminish?: As it developes at one pt- it regenerates identically at next pt
what is the lenght and range for steorid hormone receptor: long distance and for a long time
Is there more K ECF or the ICF?: ICF- inside the cell
What happens to the membrane potential during an action potential?: Reverses- inside becomes more postitive than outside
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,speed?: N-rapid (Miliseconds) E-Slow (minutes and hours)
What is a graded potential: Serve as short distance signals
How many synapse?: Over 10^14
What is myliin primarily composed of?: Lipids
Tetanus Toxin: Prevents release of inhibitory NT GABA-
What are 5 examples of graded potentials: Postsynaptic potentials Receptor potentials End-plate potentials Pacemaker potentials Slow Wave potentials
What do neuromodulators do?: Chane in NT synthesis or postsynaptic receptor sites
What is the 2st step of the steoid hormone gene reg pathway?: This complex that is formed in the 1st step binds with Hormone response element
What type of things pass the Glutamatergiv LGIC? ?: vitrually any small monovalent CATION (esp Na+)
What ist he hormone response element consist of in the 2nd step? (Hormone cyclye thing): Segment of DNA specific for the hormone receptor complex
Where are the 4 hormones synthesiszed?: p-in Rough ER- packages in Golgi CA- IN cytosol Thyroid-In colloid (inland extracellular site) Steroids- Stepwise modification of cholesterol molecule in various intracellular compartments
why is the receptor called GPCR?: the alpha subunit binds GTP
What is the Equilibrium potential for NA: +60 mV Meaning inside is more positive than outside- figure out by the equation thing because Out/in
How do A and G potentials durations vary?: Grade varies depending on the trigger Actions is constant
How do Neurotransmitter and Neuropetides differ in site of action: NT- Subsynaptic membrane of postsynaptic cell NPNonsynaptic sites on either presynaptic or prostynaptic cell- lower concentration than NT
How long do the NA chanels stay inactivated?: Until back to resting value
What three things that occur at threshold?: Open Na channels Slow closing of NA inactivation gates Slow opening of K gates
what are cyclic AMP and phosphatidyl inositol cascades activated by?: GPCR
How fast a graded potentials has wat relationship to Rm and Ra?: The higher the Rm, resistance ACROSS of membrane, and the Lower the Ra (axial resistance DOWN)) gives longer lenght constanct
Who makes myline in the CNS?: Oligondentrocytes
Wat is the difference btw androgenic and estrogenic hormones?: Androgenic Testosterone (has a carbonly instead of aromatic ring and a extra methyl group)
What is the positive feedback cycle of action potentials: Trigger even Deploarization of membrane Leads to opening of some V.G NA channels Influx of NA= futher decrease in mem potential Leads to depolarization
Out of A and G- which has reversal of charges?: Action potentialsl
What is a convergent cicuit?: Whereby one neuron receives multiple inputs
Flow of action potential: Denrites- cell body- axon hillock- axon- Axon terminals
Whats released at the axon terminals-: Neurotransmitters
What triggers the release of Neurtotransmitters and via what mechanism?: Ca 2+ enters SYNAPTIC KNOB (presynaptic terminal)- NT are release via EXCOTITOSIS into synaptic clef
What type of channels are opened in Action potentials?: Voltage gated
Where does graded potentials occur?: Small specialized regions of exitable cell membranes
The parts between the mylinated segments along the axon are called wat?: Nodes of Ranvior
Realtionship btw current flow and ressistance: Lower resistance greater current flow
HOw do the size of NT and neuropeptides compare?: NT are small NP are big
How is temporal summation achieved?: EX1 is stilumlated a 2nd time before fist EPSP has died therefore add on to the 1st
Which way does movement go when NA channels open?: Move in
What type of NT is Serotonine and what is it synthesized from?: Synthesized from Tryp and its is an indoleamine NT
When is the closing of the Na channel activated to close?: When the are activiated to open But now the ball moves towards the hold to deactivate but its slow so that's how its permitable to trigger at the opening of the channel
What is endocrinology?: Study of homeostatic activites accomplished by hormones
What are the two types of stimulatory G protiens?: Gs and Gq/11
The movement of how much results in action potentials?: Very little 1-1000 K causes a dramatic change 100mv
Storage of the 4 hormonoes: P-Large amts in secretory granules CA-IN Chromaffin Granules Thyroid- in colloid Steroids- Not stored- cholesterols precursor stored in lipid droplet
What is the fastest receptor?: LGIC
On the graph of changes in mem potential- what is an upward curve mean?: DECREASE in potential= depolarization
How does strychinie alter synaptic transmission?: Competes with inhibitory NT glycine at the postsynaptic receptorsite "blocks/antagonizes glycine receptors"
the magnitude of the graded potential varies directly to what?: The mag. Of the triggering event
Seritionin aka?: 5-hydroxytryptamine
Which channel has two gates?: Na+ channel
How many neurons in the human brain?: 100 billion
What is the main voltage sensor for the Na Ca ion channel?: S4 region (red) has a net + charge and is the main voltage sensor
How man transmembrane regions are there for ligand gated ion channels?: 3-4
What is the falling phase caused by?: K efflux= hyperpolarization then repolarization
empty: empty
Relationship btw the difference in potiential and current flow Realtionship btw current flow and ressistance: The greater is difference in potiential- greater current flower Lower resistance greater current flow
Saltaory conduction Types f fibers and conduction? Where is the potential?: Rapid in mylienated fibers Jump over sections with insulating myelin
What is the conducting zone of the neruron: Axon which is a nerver fiber
What are two other drug interactions: Influencing NT reuptake or destruction Relacing deficient NT with a substitute transmitter
What are the two group types of hormones?: Hydrophilic and lipophlic
Fxn of synaptic knob: Contains synaptic vesicles
What happens if an excitory and inhibitory activate at the same time?: Nothing to the postsynaptic potential bc they cancel each other out
What are 10 of the common Neurotransmitters: Acteylcholine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephirine, Serotoinin, Histamine, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Gamma-aminobutryric Acid (GABA)
What type of channel receptor do muscarinic recptor have?: GPCRs
When comparing Nervous system and Endocrine,, duration?: N-brief(milliseconds) E- Long (minutes to days or longer
Con. Gradient and the Electrical gradient of NA wants NA to go where?: Into the cell because there is more Na Outside the cell therefore making it more negative outside (bc CL) the cell so the electrical current pushes it outside the cell
What happens as the graded potential has a higher peak and last longer?: Same affect the to stimulus that occurs
The areas where action potentials occur are characterized by: Abndance of Na channels
What is the exception of the biogenic amines that activates LGIC?: the 5HT3 subtype
Why is it more negative inside the cell than outside?: Because Na is moving out- therefore making it more postivie on the out side and then the -A molecule is non permeable so remains negative as the outside gets more positive
What is the output zone of nerurons?: Axon Terminals
What are the two main LGICs activated by Glu/asp?: AMPA and NMDA
fxn of inhibitory alpha subunits: inhibits VGCCs to produce presynaptic inhibition
Type of recptors for Glutamate: Mostly LGIC some GPRC
What type of hormones are the 4 types of hormones?: P=majority of hormones CA-ONLY Adrenal Medulla Thryoid- ONLY from Thyroid follicular cells Steroid- Hormones from Adrenal cortex and gonads
Name of GPCR Glu receptor?: Metabotrophic Glu Receptors (mGluRs)
What is the current flow during a graded potential: A triggering event occurs Lets in NA and this area is active and the rest isn't UNTIL the currents flows to the previously inactive regions to activate it and it spreads the depolarization that way
What is the axon trigger zone?: Axon hillock
How do you get another peak in the relative refractory period?: Stimulus needs to be greater than the first
Glucocorticoid- where is this hormone secreted from?: Adrenal Cortex
Where is glycine most important?: in spinal cord
5 examples of graded potentials: Postsynaptic potentials, receptor potentials, end-plate potentials, pace maker potentials, slow wave potentials
How does K v.g.channel differ from NA?: No ball thing
How long is the delay between te opening of K and the closing of Na channels?: .5msec
Where are NT synthesized?: cytosol of synaptic knob
Why does the peak not go higher than +30? Even tho it wants to go to +60 like Na's eq potential?: Because the Na channels start to close
Examples of neuropeptides?: Neuropeptide Y, substance P, corticotrophin realsing factor (CRF)
how man molecules are needed for Ligand gated ion channels?: 2 molecules
Depolarization: Membrane becomes less polarized than at resting potential
How many cassets and transmembrane regions for NA/Ca ion channels?: 4 cassettes of 6 (S1-6) transmembrane regions which form the main channel
What is GABA's "cousin": glycine
Range for hormones?: Long range messengers
The range for neurotransmitters?: Short range chem. Messengers viz diffusion across narrow space LOCAL Act on neuron muscle or gland
Why is there a diminishing effect?: Because of leakage thro uninsulated channels aka Decramental
What is an action potential: Serves as long distance signals
Derivatives of the 4 Hormones?: P-Chanins of AA CA-Tyrosine derivative Thyroid-Iodinate tyrosine derivative Steriods-Cholesterol derivative
Endocrinology: Study of homeostatic activites accomplished by hormones
Fxn of synaptic vesicles?: Stores neurotransmitters
What is the mv of threshold?: -50 to -55
What three things occur at threshold?: Open Na channels Slow closing of NA inactivation gates Slow opening of K gates
When do NA channels open: During depolarization
How are nerohormones released?: By action potentials dep by a presynaptic cell
What are the channels doing at: -70: Both are closed But Nat is Closed but capable of opening
What mediate IPSP?: GABA receptors
Why are Kir channels not considered voltage gated?: IKir channels lack an S4 voltage sensor region and thus are NOT considered voltage-gated
We can define the change in Vm at any point (x) as: DVm (x) =DVm0 e-x/l
What does the G protein do once it is activated?: Shuttles to and activated the Adenylin cyclase which turns atp to cyclic amp (2nd messenger)
Whats the cause of a temporal summation: May result in the meeting of the threshold of the postsynaptic cell
What do the new proteins (enzymatic or structural) do when made?: Physicologic respone to the hormone
What is the resting potential of the NA K pump?: -70 which is closer to the -90 of the K pump
how many subunits do protien complex of ligand gated ion channels have?: 4-5 subunits
What type of channel recpetors do nicotinic receptors have?: LGIC
diversity of the diff channels?: VG sodium channels - simplest (fewer genes which encode different types) VG calcium channels more diverse VG potassium channels REALLY diverse
Where are neuropeptides synthesized?: neuronal cell body in ER and Golgi- packages in vesicles in axon terminal
what is presynaptic inhibition: where another terminal innervates and termial that is connected to a postsynaptic cell
Range for Neurohomones ?: Distriubtued thro blood to distant target cells- LONG RANGE
Out of the catecholes- which is considerd a hormone rather than a neurotransmitter?: EPinepherine
Synaptic cleft: Space bw the presynapitc and postsynaptic neurons
Fxn of the presynaptic neuron: Conducts action potentials towards synapse
Size and speed of an action potentials that results in wat?: Breif- rapid LARGE (100mv) changes in mem potential- potential actually reverses
What type of signals are critical to the fxn of the nervous systems and muscles: Electrical signals
In wat system (CNS or PNS) can axons be regenerated- and wat prevents the other system from not being able to?: In the PNS- Scwahn cells regenerate but the oligrodenrocytes of the CNS inhibit regeneration
What is a fast and long distanced receptor? (msec to hours to weeks): GCPR
is Kir channel voltage gated?: nO
Can A and G be depolarized and Hyperpolarized?: Graded can be both Action can only be depolarized
What portion of the excitable cell membrane is involved: Small portion
What does benzodiapius do?: Increases gaba receptors
Where are action potentials initated?: Trigger zone aka Axon hillock

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Number of cards 343