APES Review
Terms
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- High Quality Energy
- organized & concentrated, can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)
- Cone of depression
- lowering of the water table around a pumping well
- Low Quality Energy
- disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)
- Surface mining
- cheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers
- R strategist/K strategist
- reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring / reproduce late, few, cared for offspring
- Replacement level fertility
- the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)
- Organic fertilizer
- slow acting & long lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed
- Carrying capacity
- the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area
- Effects of El Nino
- upwelling decreases disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less Atlantic Hurricanes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- .: when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)
- Ionizing radiation
- enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (gamma-Xrays-UV)
- Positive feedback
- when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (EX: warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth)
- Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by
- runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage
- Aquifer
- any water bearing layer in the ground
- Transitional stage
- death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast
- Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level
- approximately 10 half-lives
- Fecal coliform/Enterococcus
- indicator of sewage contamination
- Loam
- perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, clay
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
- Industrial stage
- decline in birth rate, population growth slows
- Parts of the hydrologic cycle
- evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration
- Nuclear Fusion
- 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet
- Humus
- organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms
- 1st & 2nd most populated countries
- China & India
- Biotic/Abiotic
- living/nonliving components of an ecosystem
- Denitrification
- bacteria convert ammonia back into N
- Sustainability
- the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
- Nuclear Fission
- nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons
- During an El Nino year/During a Non El Nino year
- trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA / Easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America
- Energy flow in food webs
- only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey
- Doubling time
- rule of 70 -> 70 divided by the percent growth rate
- Postindustrial stage
- low birth & death rates
- Preindustrial stage
- birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high
- Mutualism
- symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit
- Primary succession/Secondary succession
- development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) / life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire)
- Cogeneration
- using waste heat to make electricity
- Ore
- a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine
- Leaching
- removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards
- Malthus
- said human population cannot continue to increase..consequences will be war, famine & disease
- Aerobic respiration
- oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2
- Natural radioactive decay
- unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles
- Largest reservoirs of C
- carbonate rocks first, oceans second
- Age structure diagrams
- (broad base, rapid growth)(narrow base, negative growth)(uniform shape, zero growth)
- World Population/US Population
- 6.5 billion / 300 million
- Nitrogen fixing
- because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria (rhizobium)
- Biome
- large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals
- Salt water intrusion
- near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer
- Conservation/Preservation
- allows the use of resources in a responsible manner / setting aside areas & protecting them from human activities
- Natural selection
- organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation
- Most important thing affecting population growth
- low status of women
- Half life
- the time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay
- Ammonification
- decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia
- Nitrification
- ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)
- Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as N because
- it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks
- ENSO
- El Nino Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific
- Producer/Autotroph
- photosynthetic life
- Illuviation
- deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)
- Chlorine
- (good>disinfection of water)( bad>forms trihalomethanes)
- Assimilation
- inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins
- Best solution to Energy shortage
- conservation and increase efficiency
- Parasitism
- relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host
- Photosynthesis
- plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)
- Commensalism
- symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected