Anatomy 35 final
Terms
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- The CNS has 2 portions of the brain which are:
- Encephalon and Spinal Cord
- Parts of the Encephalon
-
1 Prosencephalon
2 Mesencephalon
3 Rhombencephalon - Prosencephalon divides into
-
1 Telencephalon (forebrain)
2 Diencephalon (between brain) - Rhombencephalon divides into
-
1 Metencephalon (hindbrain)
2 Myelencephalon (afterbrain) - Telencephalon contains:
-
1 cerebral cortex (5 lobes or hemispheres)
2 corpus callosum
3 basal ganglia (or nuclei) - Parts of cerebral cortex (hemispheres)
-
1 frontal lobe
2 parietal lobe
3 temporal lobe
4 occipital lobe
5 limbic lobe - frontal lobe functions (motor activity)
- personality & voluntary movement
- parietal lobe functions (sensory cortex)
- awareness of general senses
- temporal lobe
- hearing
- occipital lobe
- sight (vision)
-
limbic lobe (corpus callosum)function
***MOST IMPORTANT*** -
learning, memory, emtion, love & sexual drive
***works with hypothalamus*** - Basal ganglia or nuclei function
- foundation for neural coordination
- Disease of basal ganglia will produce
- Parkinson's disease
- Limbic lobe only seen
- from inside
- Parts of Diencephalon
-
1 epithalamus
2 pineal gland (from epithalamus)
3 thalmus
4 hypothalamus - Pineal gland (seat of soul) function
- circadian rhythms (day/night cycle)
- General Senses=parietal lobe
-
1 pain
2 light touch
3 temperature
4 conscious proprioception (cp) - Conscious proprioception (cp)
-
1 barognosis (pressure)
2 topognosis (location)
3 stereognosis (size,shape)
4 position sense
5 vibratory sense
6 2 pt. discrimination - thalamus function
- relay center
- hypothalamus function (homeostasis center)
- controls all the hormones of the body
- Parts of Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
-
1 corpora quadragemini
2 red nucleus
3 substonatia nigra (l.dopa) - Corpora quadragemini divides into
-
1 superior colliculi(2)
2 inferior colliculi(2)
***they work together*** - Superior colliculi function
- visual reflex center
- Inferior colliculi
- auditory reflex center
- Parts of Metencephalon (hindbrain)
-
1 pons (relay area)
2 cerebellum - Cerebellum funcions
- balance,equilibrium & coordination of movement
- Part of Myelencephalon (afterbrain)
- Medulla Oblongata (MO)
- Medulla Oblongata contains
- respiratory center & cranial nerves
- Spinal cord contains
-
1 grey matter
2 white matter - Cavities of CNS contains
- CSF (filtrate of blood)
- In the brain the spaces are called
- ventricles
- the brain has ___ lateral ventricles
- 2 left and right
- third ventricle located
- between the thalami (in diencephalon)
- Cerebral aqueduct (in midbrain)
- tunnel between 3rd & 4th ventricle
- fourth ventricle located
- in front of cerebellum & behind the MO
- ventricles house
-
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
**clear** - cloudy CSF indicates a sign of
- infection, meningitis
- pink CSF indicates
- blood in CSF, trauma in brain = subarachnoid bleeding
- CSF drains through the
- central canal
- Uncus(in limbic lobe) houses the
- hippocampus (short term memory)
- short term memory converts to
- long term memory
- long time memory requires
-
1 time
2 repetition - limbic lobe works with the
- hypothalmus
- bodily hormones responds to
- the activity of the limbic lobe
- Spinal meninges are layers of _______________ that surround the ____ completely
-
dense connective tissue
CNS - Nervous system is made of
-
1 CNS (central nervous sys)
2 PNS (peripheral nervous sy) - CNS is made of
-
1 cerebrum (or cerebral hemisphere)
2 brain stem (midbrain,pons,MO,cerebellum)
3 spinal cord (2% CNS) - PNS made of
-
1 12 pairs of cranial nerves
2 31 pairs of spinal nerves
3 ANS (autonomic nervous sy) - 31 pairs of spinal nerves include
-
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal - ANS includes
-
1 sympathetic system
2 parasympathetic system
3 sensory - sympathetic system contains
- T1→L2 lateral horns of spinal cord
- parasympathetic system contains
-
CN 3,7,9,10
SC 2,3,4 - 3 types of spinal meninges
-
1 dura mater (pachymeninx)
2 arachnoid
3 pia mater - dura mater is the
-
outermost layer
strongest - arachnoid is the
-
middle layer
reticular fibers - pia mater is the
-
innermost and thinnest layer
adherent to CNS - Subarachnoid space
-
contains CSF
****under arachnoid**** - nerves located at bottom of spinal cord form the
- cauda equina (tail of horse)
- dura mater ends at
- S2 sacral segment
- __________ meninges surround the entire _______ completely
-
Cranial
brain - Features of cranial dura mater
-
1 falx cerebri
2 falx cerebelli
3 tentorium cerebelli
4 diaphragma sellae
5 cranial sinuses - ____________ & _________ are median partitions
-
1 falx cerebri
2 falx cerebelli (partially) - Inferior saggital sinus sits on top of the
- corpus callosum
- Tentorium cerebelli acts as a roof to seperate the ________ of the _________ above from the _________ below
-
occipital lobe
cerebrum
cerebellum - Diaphragma sellae covers the________ and has a hole to allow the _________ to pass through
-
sella turcica
pituitary stalk - the ______ gland is lodged in the sella turcica
- pituitary
- Cranial Sinuses are cranial veins,they are:
-
1 superior sagittal sinus SSS
2 inferior sagittal sinus ISS
3 straight sinus
4 occipital sinus
5 transverse sinus
6 sigmoid sinus - Drainage of Sinuses
-
Sup.sag.sin Inf.sag.sin
\ |
\ straight sin
\ /
Conf.of Sin
/ ↑ \
trans.sin ↑ trans.sin
↓ occ.sin ↓
sig. sin sig. sin
↓ ↓
int.jug vein int.jug vein - headaches indicate
- something in the brain expanding
- meningitis is an infection of
- the meninges and the subarachnoid space
- symptoms of meningitis
-
1 headache & stiff neck
2 fever & confusion
3 Brudzinski's sign
4 Kernig's sign
5 cloudy CSF - Brudzinksi's sign
- flexion of knees when neck is flexed tor reduce cervical pain
- Kernig's sign
- with hip & knee flexed, extension of the leg leads to neck pain
- Arachnoid + pia mater =
- leptomeninges
- Arachnoid granulations drain CSF into the ___________
- superior sagittal sinus
- __________ of CSF is produced/secreted per day
- 500 cc
- choroid plexuses is the site where
- CSF is generated
- choroid plexuses act as a
- filter RBC to produce CSF
- lateral ventricles (I & II) has
-
1 anterior horn
2 inferior horn
3 posterior horn
4 body - third ventricle(III)located
- between 2 thalami
- _________ connects the third & fourth ventricles.
- cerebral aqueduct
- fourth ventricle(IV)has
-
1 median aperature
2 lateral aperature - aperature is a
- hole
- flow of CSF
- choroid plexuses→lateral ventricles→third ventricle→cerebral aqueduct→fourth ventricle→subarachnoid space
- central canal connects to the
- spinal cord
- CSF flows out of the ___________via the ___________ & ___________
-
subarachnoid space
median aperature
lateral aperature - CSF is an __________ of blood plasma
- ultra-filtrate
- CSF is drained into the SSS via the _______or________
-
arachnoid vili
Pacchionian granulations - the rate of CSF _______ & the rate of ______ must be ______ on a daily basis
-
secretion
drainage
equal - CSF provides a __________ environment
- weightlessness
- brain immersed in CSF weighs_______
- 50 grams
- nerve activity works ______ in an environment with no ________
-
best
gravity - Functions of CSF
-
1 to remove waste products from nerve metabolism,drugs & other substances
2 to provide nutrients to nervous tissue (glucose)
3 provide media for weightlessness
4 support & cushion - Doubles CSF pressure
- sitting
- Lessens CSF pressure
- Flexion of head (head down)
- Increases CSF pressure
- Extension of head (head up)
- coughing,sneezing,crying or straining_________ CSF pressure
- increases
- appearance of CSF
- clear,slightly viscous & nearly colorless
- CSF has no
- RBC
- chemical composition of CSF
-
1 glucose
2 protein
3 CA++
4 Na+,MG++,CL-
5 K+, P - Blood brain barrier acts as a
- filter that allows certain elements to pass through the brain.
- hydrocephalus is
-
water in the brain = big head
**common in unborn child** - hydrocephalus result of
-
1 too much CSF=increased CSF pressure
2 inadequate drainage - anoncephali is
- big head,no brain
- neuron is the
- functional unit of the nervous system
- human neurons cannot____
- duplicate (no mitotic activity)
- cell body of neuron called
- perikaryon or soma
- perikaryon has
-
1 central nucleus
2 nissl body or tigroid body
3 neurofibrils or thin filaments
4 axon hillock - nissl bodies or tigroid bodies are__________ and are made of__________ and make______
-
chromatophilic substances
rough ER
protein - axon hillock is an______ and is the entrance to the ______
-
area with no tigroid body
axon body - dendrites
- sites of synapses(comm.between neurons)
- axon contains
-
1 neurilemma (sheath of schwann)
2 node of ranvier
3 myelin sheath (lipids)
4 nerve fiber
5 neurofibrils - neurilemma (sheath of shwann)produce_______
- myelin sheath
- impulse runs from
- receptor→cell body→axon→terminal ending
- dendrites bring impulse to the
- cell body
- signs of neuron injuries/sickness
-
1 nucleus not central
2 soma swelling
3 nissl body not present - when neurons degenerate at a faster rate is a sign of
- alzheimer's disease
- Glia family are a group of _____________
- connective tissue neurons
- olfactory nerve (CN I)
- special sense: smell
- optic nerve (CN II)
- special sense: sight
- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
-
motor (eye):
1 medial rectus
2 inferior oblique
3 inferior rectus
4 superiour rectus - trochlear nerve (CN IV)
-
motor (eye):
1 superior oblique - trigeminal nerve (CN V)
-
sensory: face & ant 2/3 tongue
motor: mastication - abducens nerve (CN VI)
- motor (eye): lateral rectus
- facial nerve (VII)
-
sensory: ear
motor: facial expression & middle ear
special sense:taste, ant 2/3 tongue
parasymp:salivary & lacrimal glands - vestibulo-cochlear nerve(CN VIII)
- special sense:hearing & equilibrium
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
-
sensory:pharynx
motor:pahryngeal muscle
special sense:taste, post 1/3 tongue
parasymp:salivary glands - vagus nerve (CN X)
-
sensory:pharynx
motor:pharyngeal muscles execpt stylopharngeus
special sense:taste,post 1/3 tongue
parasym:lungs,heart,mediastinal organs, organs of GI tract - spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
- motor:trapezius & SCM
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- motor:all muscles of tongue ending w/ glossus except palatoglossus
- _______ pairs of spinal nerves
- 31
- _______ pairs of _______ c1-c8
-
8
cervical nerves - ___ pairs of ______ t1-t12
-
12
thoracic nerves - ____ pairs of ______ L1-L5
-
5
lumbar nerves - ____ pairs of ________ S!-S5
-
5
sacral nerves - ____ pair of ________ Co1
-
1
coccygeal - Only 7 ________ vertebrae but there are 8 ________
-
cervical
nerves - _____________made of ventral primary rami from _________spinal nerves
-
cervical plexus
C1 to C4 - cervical plexus function
- provides motor innervation tomuscles of the neck
- ___________is made of ventral primary rami from __________spinal nerves
-
brachial plexus
C5 to T1 - brachial plexus function
- provides innervation to the structures and muscles of the upper limb.
- brachial plexus has 5 major terminal branches:
-
1 axillary n.
2 musculocutaneous n
3 median n
4 ulnar n
5 radial n - CA of axillary n
- epaulette shoulder
- CA of musculocutaneous n
- porter hand tip
- CA of median n
- ape hand
- CA of ulnar n
- hand of benediction
- CA of radial n
- wrist drop
- ________ made of ventral primary rami from _______ spinal nerves
-
lumbar plexus
L1-L4 - function of lumbar plexus
- provides innervation to anterior and medial thigh muscles (femoral & obturator)
- ________ aka sacral plexus made of ventral primary rami from _______ spinal nerves
-
lumbosacral plexus
L4 to S3 or S4 - important lumbosacral nerves
-
1 sciatic n (largest)
2 pudendal n - sciatic nerve made of
- tibal n and the common peroneal n
- pudendal n S2 S3 S4 says....
- S2 S3 S4 keeps ding dong off floor
- NO SYMPATHETIC NERVES FOUND IN
- CRANIAL NERVES
- the cranial nerves with parasym. fibers are
- CN 3,7,9,10
- Somas located in the _______ horns of spinal chord segments
- T1 to L2
- _______of blood vessels are only innervted by _________ fibers
-
smooth muscles
sympathetic - PNS associated with ______ cranial nerves and ___________ spinal nerves
-
3,7,9,10
S2 S3 s4 - posterior central gyrus
-
sensory cortex
1,2,3,5
general senses - anterior central gyrus
-
motor
4
regulate movement of entire body - frontal gyrus
-
conjugate eye movements
8 - lateral occipital gyrus
-
visual cortex
17 size/shape
18 color
19 size/shape/color -
angular gyrus
left side only -
39
meaning of printed words -
supramarginal gyrus
left side only -
40
meaning of spoken words - superior temporal gyrus
-
41 pitch/height
42 meaning of sound
auditory center -
inferior frontal gyrus
left side only -
brocha's speech center
44
45