Sociology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Retribution
- punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
- Symbolic Interactionism
- approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols
- Taboo
- a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment
- Buddhism
- Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha, meditation,
- Social Network
- a web of social relationships that joins a person to other people and groups
- Me
- the part of the self formed through socialization
- Auguste Comte
- created the term "sociology"
- Gender Identity
- a sense of being male or female based on learned cultural values
- Prestige
- recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions
- Coercion
- interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular way
- Looking-glass self
- an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you
- Emile Durkheim
- created the functionalist theory
- Total Institution
- places in which people are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge
- Wealth
- total economic resources held by a person or group
- Social Aggregate
- people temporarily in the same place at the same time
- Mores
- norms that have moral dimension and that should be followed by members of a society
- Rights
- behaviors that others can expect from others
- Self-concept
- an image of yourself as having an identity separate from other people
- Cult
- a religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society
- Social Stratification
- ranking of people or groups according to their unequal access to scare resources
- Desocialization
- the process of giving up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
- Functionalism
- view in which everything fits together to make society work
- Reference group
- group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs and norms
- Ascribed Status
- a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned
- Religion
- a unified system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things
- I
- the part of the self that accounts for unlearned, spontaneous acts
- Hindu
- Polytheistic, Karma, Dharma, Krishna
- Ethnic Minority
- group identified by cultural, religious, or national characteristics
- Social Category
- a group of people who share a social characteristic
- Instincts
- innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior
- Sacred
- things and ideas that are set apart and given a special meaning that goes beyond, or transcends immediate existence
- Folkways
- norms that lack moral significance
- Master Status
- a position that strongly affects most other aspects of a person's life
- Socialism
- an economic system founded on the belief that the means of production should be controlled by the people as a whole
- Achieved Status
- a position that is earned or chosen
- Sect
- a religious organization that arises out of a desire to reform an existing organization
- Social Exchange
- a voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return
- Denomination
- one of several religious organizations that most members of a society accept as legitimate
- Minority
- a group of people with physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in the society
- Conflict
- Approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition and constraint within a society
- Reflexes
- automatic reaction to physical stimulus
- De Facto segregation
- denial of equal access based on everyday practice
- De Jure segregation
- denial of equal access based on the law
- Mormonism
- One God, polygamy, Church of Jesus of the Latter Day Saints, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young
- Deviant
- a person who breaks significant societal or group norms
- Social Control
- ways to encourage conformity to society's norms
- Income
- amount of money received by an individual or group over a specific time period
- Groupthink
- when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform
- Herbert Spencer
- created concept of "Social Darwinism"
- Drives
- impulse to reduce discomfort
- Role Taking
- assuming the viewpoint of another person and using that viewpoint to shape the self-concept
- Norms
- rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
- Ethnocentrism
- judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards
- Power
- the ability to control the behavior of others
- Deviance
- behavior that departs from societal or group norms
- Deterrence
- discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
- Socialization
- the process of learning to participate in a group
- Race
- people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics that are considered important within a society
- Judaism
- One God, Abraham, Torah, Bar mitzvah
- Conformity
- behavior that matches group expectations
- Counterculture
- a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture
- Incarceration
- a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons
- Profane
- nonsacred aspects of life
- Karl Marx
- created the conflict theory
- Church
- a life-encompassing religious organization to which all members of a society belong
- Bureaucracy
- a formal organization based on rationality and efficiency
- Islam
- Old, One God,
- Iron Law of Oligarchy
- theory that power increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization
- Sanctions
- rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms