Unit 7 Test
Chapters 14-17
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Bessemer process
- The process of removing impurities from iron to make steel by blasting the melted iron with hot air
- Thomas Edison
- American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
- Alexander graham bell
- United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922)
- Transcontinental Railroad
- a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion
- Granger laws
- A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. declared unconstitutional
- Laissez-faire
- policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy
- Vertical integration
- absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution
- Horizontal integration
- Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller
- Social Darwinism
- The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
- Monopoly
- (economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller
- Trusts
- Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.
- Andrew Carnegie
- Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"
- JD Rockefeller
- He was a highly-valued pioneering figure: an American industralist and philanthropist. He revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. He founded "Standard Oil". His 40 oil companies owned about 90% of the nation's pipelines and refined 84% of the nation's oiil. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific reserach. He was a horizontal integrationer (joining competiting businesses in one area).
- JP Morgan
- Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
- Philanthropy
- the attempt to improve the well-being of those in need by donating money or aid
- sherman Antitrust Act
- an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
- Horatio Alger
- Writer who wrote 135 novels depicting the individual. He focused on the opportunities that awaited those who were energetic and smart.
- Robber Barons
- A name given by the people/workers who opposed the rich such as Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan because the workers believed that they exploited the working class.
- Knights of Labor
- This union focused on the attention of the individual workers. This union was open to all people, men, women, and all races. They wanted equal pay for equal work. They opposed strikes, only seeing it as a last resort.
- Samuel Gompers
- This man was the leader of the AFL union. Him and his union focused on collective bargaining to reach written agreements between workers and employers. The AFL also used strikes to win higher wages.
- IWW
- This was a group of radical unionists and socialists. They were led by William Haywood. This group mostly contained miners, lumberers, and dock workers. They also welcomed women and unskilled workers to join their strikes
- ILGWU
- This was the first female workers union . It was started by Pauline Newman
- Eugene V. Debs
- This man made the first major attempt to form a industrial union. He managed the ARU union. They had strikes in order to earn higher wages. They did not succeed, but their group had a lifelong effect in other unions.
- Haymarket Strike
- People gathered at Haymarket Square in Chicago to protest the killing of a striker by police at the Harvester plant the day before. Someone tossed a bombed at the police line, then the police fired into the crowd killing several people. As a result, the public turned against the labor movement
- Homestead Strike
- 1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
- Pullman Strike
- in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
- this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers
- Scabs
- Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike
- Arbitration
- settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision
- Ellis Island
- ...
- Culture Shock
- a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes
- Nativism
- the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners
- Social Gospel
- Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
- Stalwarts
- A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform.
- Pendleton Act
- 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons