bio pages 115-end
Terms
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- structural features of bacteria
- cell wall, glycocalyx, capsule, and slime layer
- prometaphase
- micro tubules of the mitotic spindle will enter the nucleus, and bind to the chromosomes via the KINETOCHORE
- bacillus
- rod shaped bacteria
- telophase
- CYTOKENISIS occurs and the cell is separated into two daughter cells, cleavage furrow separates the cell into two
- mutation
- change caused by a alteration of a chromosome
- histone and nonhistone
- proteins associated with chromatin
- mitosis
- division of a cell into 2 cells with 46 chromosomes (diploid) a body cell
- minibands
- formed from solenoids
- recombinant DNA
- a DNA molecule that is made in in-vitro with segments from other species
- nucleosomes
- histone proteins form spools called _____________ around which the DNA of a cell is wound
- "G1"
- this part of interphase is referred to as the first "gap" of cell growth and functioning. it occurs before the onset of DNA replication
- "S"
- DNA is synthesized (replicated)
- "G2"
- the second "Gap" and occurs right before the cell begins cell division (mitosis)
- anatomy of a chromosome
- histone-> nucleosomes-> solenoid-> minibands->chromosome
- binary fission
- how bacteria reproduce their chromosomal DNA
- histone
- positively charged proteins that bind to negative phosphate groups of the DNA in chromatin
- meiosis
- division of a cell into 2 cells with (half) 23 chromosomes (haploid) sex cell
- nonhistone proteins
- are proteins that are involved in genetic regulation
- spontaneous mutations
- mutations that occur in nature
- spirillium
- spiral shaped bacteria
- induced mutations
- mutations that result from human intervention or other identifiable causes (ultraviolet light, radiation, chemical agents, ect.)
- rolling circle mechanism
- replication of the plasmid
- biotechnology
- the science involved with the direct manipulation of organisms of their components in order to perform important tasks or provide useful products
- chromatin
- a diffuse nucleoprotein mass that DNA exists in when not replicating
- anaphase
- chromosomes will SEPARATE and MOVE to the opposite poles/ends of the cell
- 2 ways in which bacteria reproduce
- binary fission(chromosomal DNA) and rolling circle mechanism(plasmid DNA)
- conjugation
- genetic transfer of a plasmid from one living bacteria to another living bacteria using a pilus
- genetic engineering
- the science involved with manipulating the genes of a living organism to achieve practical results
- clone
- Noun-lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells, Verb-production of one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cells
- solenoids
- nuleosomes form groups of six known as __________
- Interphase
- longest phase in cell cycle, end stages CENTROSOME is replicated, has 3 parts "G1", "S", and "G2"
- cytokenesis on cleavage furrow
- indentation/pinching where the cell will separate into two
- genome
- total hereditary endowment of a cell
- metaphase
- centrosomes are now located at the poles, and chromosomes line up in MIDDLE of the cell called the EQUATORIAL PLATE
- Koch's Postulates
- 1) a specific organism must be observed from the tissue specimens of a dead or diseased animal, 2) these organisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture, 3)a sample of the pure culture is injected into a healthy animal, 4)the identical disease is produced in the healthy animal, 5)identical organisms are observed and retrieved from these tissue samples, 6)these organisms are grown in pure culture
- prophase
- chromatin condense into chromosomes, nucleus will dissapear and MITOTIC SPINDLE will begin to form and move to poles
- origin of replication in binary fission
- point on circle where replication starts and makes 2 new circles
- base analog
- replacement of a specific nucleotide in a chromosome by a chemical
- gene
- specific portion of DNA on a chromosome that will code for a specific protein
- transformation
- bacteria can acquire plasmid DNA directly from its surroundings (dead gives genes->living bacteria)
- other mutations are caused by
- deletion or insertion
- transduction
- new DNA is introduced into a cell by a bacteriophage
- coccus
- sphere shaped bacteria