sociology final
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- talcott parsons described gender in terms of:
- complemantarity
- which of the following concepts refers to attitudes and activites that a society links to ppl of each sex?
- gender roles
- authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudiced is
- a trait of certain individuals
- high-income nations tend to have cultural values that emphasize
- self-expression
- jean piaget called the level of development at which ppl first use lang and other cultural symbols is what stage?
- preoperational stage
- the feminization of poverty refers to the fact that in the u.s.:
- a larger share of the poor are women
- assimilation refers to the pattern by which
- minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category
- the concept global economy refers to
- expanding economic activity that moves across national borders
- friedrich engels claimed that capitalism:
- increased mens domination of women
- as sociologists, we need to use critical thinking when observing social issues. this means that
- we should be willing to ask any question and be open to any answer
- standards by which ppl who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beauti*** are called
- values
- the replacement of caste systems with class systems:
- replaces one kind of inequality with another
- which of the following is at the heart of the controvery over womens participation in the military?
- women are defined by our culture as nurturers rather than ppl who kill
- which of the following concepts refers to the physical and social seperation of categories of ppl?
- segregation
- sandar lives in a village with a caste system. his social position is mostyl a result of:
- birth-which family he was born into
- the w i thomas theorem argues that
- if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences
- social darwinist herbert spencer argued that society would only advance if
- "do-gooders" did not help the unfit survive
- marx used the concept of labor power to refer to
- the capacity to work
- which of the following concepts refers to social organzation in which male dominates females?
- patriarchy
- family is important to the socialization process because
- parents greatly affect a child self-concept, families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion, and femaily is often what mead called significant others
- while prejudice is a matter of ____, discrimination is a matter of ____.
- attitudes;action
- social solidarity based on shared values
- mechanical solidarity
- unless marx, max weber:
- viewed alienation, bureaucracy, and rationalization as permanent features
- the lowest ranking 40 percent of u.s. families has about:
- no wealth at all
- evidence suggests that, as the u.s. moves into the post-industrial phase of economic development, economic inequality is:
- increasing
- which of the following concepts refers to a category of ppl, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
- minority
- compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on
- an information-based economy
- which of the following statements is true about homeless ppl in the u.s?
- over one third of all homeless ppl are entire families
- critical sociologist c. wright mills believed that social problems are caused by:
- contradictions within our social institutions
- conflict theory states that prejudice is:
- used by powerful ppl to justify oppressing others
- which of the following concepts refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?
- "glass ceiling"
- one advantage of using case studies for social research
- researcher can study individuals in their natural setting
- while the davis and moore thesis suggests "to each according to the importance of one's work," karl marx supported the idea:
- "from each according to his ability, to each according to need"
- the social-conflict approach draws attention to
- patterns of social inequality
- douglas massey and nancy denton studied racial segregation in the u.s. cities and documented which of the following patterns?
- hypersegregation
- in the u.s. today, the working class:
- are always in danger of unemployment
- according to erving goffman, the goal of a total institution is
- to radically alter a persons personality or behavior
- sociologists define a symbol as
- anythign that carries a meaning to ppl who share a culture
- when charles horton cooley used the term looking glass self he was referring to the fact that
- people see themselves as they think others see them
- the focus of lawrence kohlbergs research was
- moral reasoning
- institutional discrimination
- discrimination occuring in institutions such as hospital, school, or bank
- the text gives several reasons that a social revolution did not take place as marx predicted. what are the reasons it didnt happen?
- living standards rose, the law affords workers far greater legal protection, and stock places ownership of companies in the hands of lots of ppl
- which of the foloowing is an accurate criticism of the structrual-functional approach
- it ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict
- according to the radical view of class:
- the interests of one class are in direct conflict with interests of the other
- the u.s. is considered a mostly capitalist nation because
- the vast mjaority of productive businesses are privately owned
- what are the values central to u.s. culture indentified by robin williams?
- equal opportunity, racism and group superiority, and material comfort.
- karl marx belived that socialism would end social stratification by abolishing provate property. what was webers view?
- weber warned that socialism would generate a new elite based on govt power
- which of the following reflects goffmans decriptopn of the resocialization process?
- stripping away an old identity, then building a new identitity.
- the concept couterculture referes to
- cultural patterns that oppose those that arw wdiely held
- which factors accounts for the largest share of difference in the earnings of working women and men in the u.s.?
- differences in the type of work men and women do
- during the american revolution, those who fought for capitalism and democracy:
- radicals
- a marxist analysis of u.s. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect
- this nations capitalist economy
- sociologists claims the main reason that many young ppl in the u.s. experience adolescence as a time of confusion is
- cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike
- which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
- socialization
- what type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender intself?
- radical feminism
- based on the scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is created by:
- frustration among disadvantaged ppl
- the concept comparable worth refers to the idea that:
- women should receive the same pay as men for work that is equally important
- cultural patterns that are widespread among a societys population are referred to as
- popular culture
- the ideological perspective that advocates measured change to improve the existing social order without fundamentally transforming it is...
- liberalism
- c. wright mills termed the ability to perceive the intersections of history and biography
- sociological imagination
- the researchers impact on his or her subjects may affect the studys results. this is called
- the hawthorne effect
- specific expectations about how ppl should behave in a given situation
- norms
- by taking the role of the other mead had in mind
- imagining a situation from another persons point of view
- according to davis and moore, inequality promotes productivity:
- by motivating ppl to work longer, harder, or better, encouraging ppl to get schooling and skills, and encouraging ppl to want to have more important jobs
- making use of the sociological perspective encourages
- challenging commonly held beliefs
- the posindustrial economy is defined by
- computer technology
- which of the following concepts refers to a belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another?
- racism
- if someone bumps into us in a hallway we expect them to say that they are sorry. this is an example of a
- folkway
- ethnocentrism
- judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture
- which of the following refers to cultural heritage?
- ethnicity
- among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
- relies on culture to ensure survival
- in a capitalist economic system, justice amounts to
- marketplace freedorm-buying or investing according to self-interest
- when the distributions of positions is inconsistend with the distribution of talents and abilities, durkheim called this
- forced division of labor
- culture is a source of human freedom because
- cultural creatures must make and remake the world for themselves
- pink collar work refers to what type of jobs?
- clerical
- in observing children at play, janet lever concluded that:
- boys favor games with clear winners and losers
- intersection theory focuses on:
- the interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages
- which theoretical approach asserts that the stability of the u.s. society rests on core values shared by most people?
- the structural-functional approach
- members of the capitalist class:
- never have to enter the labor market
- whicih of the following concepts refers to a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of ppl?
- prejudice
- mead considered the generalized other to be
- widespread cultural norms and values ppl take as their own
- stereotypes refers to"
- exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category
- schools teaching, in addition to their regular curriculum, students to be polite, to respect authority, and to believe in capitalism and the american way of life is an example of
- latent function of education
- a disadvantage of using existing data for social research
- researcher must use the format provided
- george herbert mead placed the origin if the self in
- social experience
- in terms of race, two-thirds of all poor people in the u.s. are:
- white
- which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minoorities are distinct but have rough social equality?
- pluralism
- what type of feminism accepts the basic organization of u.s. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men?
- liberal feminism
- the theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
- structural-functional approach
- what is true about minorities?
- have a distinctive identity, doesnt have to be a numerical minority, and ppl can readily identify a member of a minority
- according to marxist theory, what is the relationshio between capitalism and socialism?
- capitalism must come before socialism
- which of these is not a precondition of marxist socialism
- the violent overthrow of the ruling class
- race is:
- a sociall constructed category who share traits that society deems important
- which sociological perspective approaches society from a micro-level?
- interactionism
- c. wrigth milla pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread
- in times of social crisis
- when ppl modeal themselved after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in
- anticipatory socialization
- social stratification is a concept that refers to:
- society ranking categories of ppl in a hierarchy
- which of the following statements is the best reason to see women as a minority in the u.s.?
- at every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do
- a criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it
- ignores how structural factors such as class affect peoples experiences
- capitalism is an economic system in which there is
- private ownership of productive property
- it would be correct to say that critical sociology
- seeks to bring about desirable social change
- most violence against women occurs:
- in the home
- the basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is
- the reality people construct as they interact with one another
- globalization of the economy means that
- a small number of businesses control a large share of the planets economy, more and more products pass thu several nations, and world regions specialize in one sector of economic activity
- for karl marx, the point of studying society was
- to reduce inequality
- in a socialist economic systems, justice means
- trying to meet the basic needs of all
- in marxist theory, the superstructure is extremely important to capitalism because
- it provides justification for inequalities that the working class accepts
- the concept meritocracy refers to social stratification:
- based entirely on personal merit
- which of the following concepts refers to upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents?
- intergenerational social mobility
- the concept ideology refers to:
- cultural beliefs that justify social stratifcation
- surplus labor time
- is invisibly appropriated under the capitalist macrostructure
- in any society and macrostructure, this ideological perspective is usually most popular:
- conservatism
- the beauty myth refers to the idea that;
- women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance
- because of social stratification in the u.s.:
- some ppl have more privileges and opportunities than others do