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- Logical fallacies
- slippery slop fallacy, red herring fallacy, ad hominem fallacy, shaky principle fallacy, post hoc fallacy, non sequitur fallacy, straw man fallacy, hasty generalization
- Metaphor
- offers a belief, concentrated form of comparison that is implied, unexpected, and sometimes even startling
- Jargon
- technical language, specific to field
- Toasts
- a ceremonial speech in miniature, offered as a tribute to people and what they have done, as a blessing for their future, or simply as light hearted enjoyment of the present moment.
- Boomerang effect
- persuade poorly can be more against you before you started the speech
- Connotative meaning
- emotional meaning
- Discriminative listening
- hearing is the basis; we respond to the sounds of our aural world - most basic form and ability to hear sound, something drops and you hear it; Able to hear a message
- Doublespeak
- words evade the responsibility of talking about the important meanings in a situation or even point in the direction opposite from the reality they should be describing
- Contrast Effect
- occurs when you see positions different from yours as being more distant than they actually are.
- Marking
- adding a gender, racial, or ethnic reference when none is needed- e.g., "a woman doctor"
- Brainstorming
- free associations
- Enthymemes
- truncated syllogism which means it only has 2 parts - major or minor plus conclusion. (socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal) audience is asked to infer that all men are mortal)
- Subpoints
- more specific statements that explain and support the main ideas.
- Parallel construction
- successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea
- Award presentations
- Usually have 2 parts- description of the award then why the person is worthy of deserving the award.
- Inductive reasoning
- reasoning from reality
- Speeches of Tribute
- endorses the values of individual responsibility, striving, and achievement.
- Ideographs
- these words express a country's basic political values.
- Deductive reasoning
- general to specific
- Thesis statement
- Similar to specific purpose but full sentence
- Personification
- treats inanimate subjects, such as ideas or institutions, as though they had human form or feeling.
- Cultural gridlock
- problems in communication that arise from profound cultural differences can occur in groups whose participants come from different backgrounds.
- Foreshadowing
- hinting of the meaning of the story that will follow and suggesting its importance.
- Magnification
- glorify someone like giving a ceremonial speech; being able to over come things
- Alliteration
- repeats the initial sounds in a closely connected pattern of words (sally sells sea shells)
- Mythos
- appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and to the legends and folktales that embody them
- Flow charts
- can show the steps in a process, the hierarchy and accountability in an organization, or the genealogy of a family tree.
- Malapropism
- when people often err when using words that sound similar; "he is the very pineapple of politeness," when she meant pinnacle
- Groupthink
- The uncritical acceptance of a position; this is most likely to occur when participants place a higher value on harmonious interpersonal interactions than on performing effectively.
- Focus groups
- typically consist of six to ten members carefully selected to provide the type of information sought. A trained moderator asks questions and encourages all of the participants to respond.
- Subordination
- Points on different levels.**When preparing your outline-prepare the body of your speech first!
- Denotative
- dictionary definition
- Amplification
- rephrase ideas to bring them into focus
- Parliamentary procedure
- *call to question-ends discussion and asks for a vote
- Culturetypes
- sometimes stated in the form of metaphor, express the values, identity, and goals of a particular group and time.
- Coordination
- Points on the same levels. EX: I., II, III
- Duties of a Master of Ceremonies
- as the master of ceremonies, you will be expected to keep the program moving along, introduce participants, and possibly present awards
- Critical listening
- the major goal of the educational process, as well as a sophisticated phase of the listening process.**Trying to make a judgment about something, advocate one way or another
- Enduring metaphor
- they invoke experience that has great meaning and that can bring people together (i.e: contrast of light vs. dark in books)
- Trigger words
- Can evoke either positive or negative reactions; words that set off such powerful emotional reactions that they dominate the meaning of a speech, derail your comprehension, and defeat critical listening
- Emphatic listening
- undivided attention, ears, eyes, and heart. The heart in this symbol represents empathic listening**What you do to your friends- put your judgments aside and listen to someone
- Specific purpose
- General + more (not sentence): To inform my audience about dogs
- Inoculation effect
- expose listener beforehand so later won't be persuaded
- Assimilation
- that you see positions similar to your own as being closer to it than they actually are. * Speech about smoking ban and you agree with her.
- Symposium
- features a moderator and certain members of the problem-solving groups as presenters
- Group forums
- presentation is much like a panel discussion except that the questions come from the audience rather than from the moderator.
- General purpose
- To inform, to persuade, to celebrate
- Persuasion
- the art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our points of view
- Improving listening skills
- Evaluating evidence and information, assessing the credibility of sources, analyzing language use, and examining rhetorical strategies
- Critique
- criticism suggests focusing on what someone did wrong; a critique is helpful and supportive, emphasizing strengths as well as weaknesses, showing consideration for the speaker's feelings, and focusing on how a speaker might improve
- Identification
- good to know interests to establish a common ground
- media prompts
- newspapers, magazines, tv, etc.
- Great expectation fallacy
- To hope for a major change on the basis of any single persuasive effort
- Simile
- a variation of metaphor that tips its hand by warning listeners that a comparison is coming; such as like or as