APHG ch 2 b
Terms
undefined, object
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- scale
- the ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of the same area on the earth's surface
- breaking point
- the outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for it retail supply
- Hazard
- anything in the landscape, real or percieved that is potentially threatening
- resolution
- a map's smallest discernable unit
- transferability
- the costs involoved in moving goods from one place to another
- Gravity model
- a mathmatical formula that decribes the level of interaction beween two places on the size of their populations and their distances from each other
- prime meridian
- an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, which marks the 0 degree line of longitude
- dot map
- thematic maps that use points to show the precise location of specific observations or occurences
- contagious diffusion
- the spread of a disease , innovation or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place
- international date line
- the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
- friction of distance
- a measure of how much absolute distances affects the interactions between two places
- location charts
- on a map,a chart, or a graph that gives specific statistical information of a particular political unit or jurisdiction
- absolute location
- The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid
- parallel
- an east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator
- distance decay effect
- the decrease in the interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases
- mercator projection
- a true conformal cylindrical map projection, this projection maintians accurate direction, but distorts the size of the landmasses at the poles
- azimuthal projection
- a map in which the plane is the most developable surface
- intervening opportunities
- the idea that on place had a demand for some good or sevice and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods or services
- isoline
- map line that connects points of equal or similar values
- preference maps
- a map that displays individual preferences for certain places
- situation
- a places spatial context; the relative location of a place on relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system
- relative location
- the position of a place relative to places around it
- small scale map
- map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on the earth is quite small; usually depict large areas
- large scale map
- a relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. usually cover small areas of land
- visualization
- use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three-dimensinal interactive
- cognitive map
- an image of a portion of the earth's surface that an indivdual creates in his or her mind.
- map projection
- a mathmatical method that involves tranferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface
- site
- the absolute location of a place, decribed by local relief, landforms and other cultural or physical characteristics
- latitude
- tha angular distance north or south of the equator
- geoid
- the actual shape of the earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly squashed; the earth's circumfrencr is longer around the equator then it is along the meridians
- law of retail gravitation
- law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands that surround them
- meridian
- a line of longitude that runs north-south.
- proportional symbols map
- a thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region
- Hierarchical diffusion
- a type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of something that the two places have in common
- Complementarity
- the actual or potential relationship between two places usually referring to economic interactions
- robinson projection
- projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors; does not maintain completely accurate shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors of each.
- reference map
- a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigating
- fuller projection
- a type of maps projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such as the four cardinal directions N,S,E,W.
- thematic map
- a type of map that displays one or more variables
- absolute distance
- The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or a kilometer
- spatial diffusion
- refers to the ways in which phenomena travel over space
- cartograms
- A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area
- longitude
- the angualr distance east or west of the prime meridian
- relocation diffusion
- the diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and the like from one place to another through migration
- choropleth map
- a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unti area
- coordinate system
- a standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on the earth's surface.
- expansion diffusion
- the spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange
- connectivity
- the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
- topological space
- the amount of connectivity between places, regardless of the absolute distance separating them
- time-space convergence
- the idea that distance between places is actually shrinking as technologies enables more rapid communications ans increased interactions between those places