psychology 2
Terms
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- multidimensional sexual orientation
- self-identity, sexual attraction, actual sexual behavior
- adaptive advantages of affiliation
- more sexual mates, protection from predators, divison of labor, development of knowledge
- James-Lange Theory
- bodily reactions determine subjective emotions we experience
- what determines sexual orientation
- hereditary disposition, other causes still debated
- intellectualization
- removing emotional component of event and deal with it as 'intellectualy interesting'
- Instinct Theories
- inherited characteristics, common to all species members, automatically produce response to particular stimulus
- repression
- anxiety feelings and impulses prevented from reach ing consciousness
- gential stage
- erotic impulses expressed in sexual relationships
- Dieting
- society pressures to be thin, body image dissatisfaction, ethnic differences, may evolve into eating disorder
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Emotional experience and arousal are independent responses to emotion arising situation
- dream interpretation
- help patients understand symbolic meaning of dreams
- Instinct Theories issues
- Little factual support, simplistic, circular reasoning, hereditary accounts for only part of differences
- psychoanalysis goal
- help patients achieve insight
- defense mechanisms
- unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality, reduce anxiety
- reaction formation
- unconsciously switch impulses to their opposites
- extrinsic motivation
- performing an activity to obtain external reward or avoid external punishment
- environmental and cultural factors of eating
- food availability, food tastes, variey, cultural norms
- incentives
- stimuli that pull an organism toward a goal
- intrinsic motivation
- performing an activity for its own sake
- differences btwn, men and women
- cross-cultural differences are greater
- Unidimensional sexual orientation
- exclusively hetero or exclusively hom
- superego
- moral arm of personality, develops by age 4 or 5, strives to control instincts
- free association
- verbal reports of thoughts or feelings that enter awareness without censorship
- emotions as social communications
- provide clues about internal states and intentions
- sexual strategies theory
- sex differences in seeking a mate reflect inherited tendencies, shaped to adaptive problems faced by men and women throughout evolution
- physiology of sex
- hormonal influences
- psychodamic motivation
- unconscious motives affect how we behave
- projection
- people disguise their own impulses by attributing them to otehrs
- cognitive appraisals
- interpretations and meaings attached to stimuli, different appraisals result in different behaviors
- psychodamic personality perspective
- id, ego, superego
- brain structures involved in emotion
- thalamus, amygdala
- transference
- client responds irrationally to therapist, brings out repressed feelings and behaviors
- emotions
- feelings that involve cognitive and physiological and behavioral reactions to events
- high motivation for achievement
- strong desire for success, low fear of failure
- ego
- direct contact with reality, functions at conscious level, reality principle
- social structure theory
- sex strategies direct men and women based on how society directs our roles, women have lss power and resources than men
- Homeostasis
- maintaining physiological balance
- Sexual Motivation
- desire to reproduce, obtain and give sensual pleasure, express love and intimacy, fulfill duty, conform to peer pressue
- expressive behaviors
- observable emotional displays, produts of evolution
- Bulimia
- Binge eat and then purge food
- humanistic motivation
- striving for personal growth
- sublimation
- taboo impulses channeld into socially acceptable behaviors
- psychology of sex
- desire, sexual stimulus positive, cultural norms
- anal stage
- pleasures on elimination of body waste, age 2-3, fixation leads to messy + dominant adult
- why do we affiliate?
- to obtain positive stimulation, emotional support, gain attention, permit social comparison
- Effects of pornography
- social learning, catharsis principle
- displacement
- impulses repressed then shifted on more acceptable target
- denial
- refusal to acknowledge event or emotions attached to it
- the desire to affiliate
- evolutionary theory - humans have evolved to become highly sociable, affiliation profives adaptive advantages
- psychology of hunger
- good taste of food reinforces desire to eat, memory of last time we ate
- Anorexia Nervosa
- restriction of food intake, weight below norm
- rationalization
- false excuse to explain anxiety arousing behavior
- personality
- distinctive ways of acting, thinking, feeling
- phallic stage
- pleasure derived from sexual organ, identification with same sex parent
- psychosexual development stages
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- adaptive functions of emotions
- increase chances of survival, form intimate relationships, broaden our thinking and behavior
- Schachters 2-factor theory
- intensity of arousal influences how strongly we feel something, situational cues affect labeling of emotion
- psychosexual development
- ids focused on erogenous parts of body
- need for achievement
- personality...desire to accomplish tasks and maintain standards of excellence
- id
- innermost core of personality, present at birth, exists within unconscious, pleasure priciple
- latency stage
- sexual dormant,
- cause of hunger
- decline in blood glucose levels
- social comparison
- comparing beliefs, behaviors, and feeligns with other people
- resistance
- signs that anxiety arousing material is appraoching, defensive maneuaver
- instrumental behaviors
- directed at achieving an emotion
- oral stage
- during infancy, satisfaction from eating and sucking, fixation leads to dependent adult
- positive psychology
- addresses questions of happiness, well-being, human potential
- OCEAN
- openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeablenes, neuroticism
- personality according to freud
- reflects unconscious to satisfy impulses yet adhere to social constraint, strong inborn sexual drives, personality determined by childhood experiences, defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety and trauma