Developmental Psyc ch. 1
Terms
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- cohort
- people born around the same time
- nature-nurture controversy
- age old controversy of which is more important: genetic or environmental factors
- preoperational stage
- symbolic but illogical thinking of the preschooler
- behaviorism
- directly observable events-stimuli and responses-are the appropriate focus of study
- chronosystem
- The temporal dimension of Bronfenbrenner's model. Life changes can be imposed externally. Alternatively, they can arise from within the person since individuals select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences
- ethology
- concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history
- human development
- a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
- random assignment
- by using an unbiased procedure, such as drawing numbers out of a hat or flipping a coin, investigators increase the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment conditions
- industry versus inferiority
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage 6-11 yrs
- correlation coefficient
- a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with one another
- historical, biological, social, and cultural
- development influenced by these forces
- The Macrosystem
- not a specific context, but rather, consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. Ex: generous pension plan for retirees
- superego
- conscience; develops between 3-6 years through interactions with parents who insist that children conform to the values of society
- discontinuous
- a process in which new and different ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
- ethnography
- largely a descriptive, qualitative technique. Instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation
- correlational design
- researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development
- psychosocial theory
- Erikson emphasized that the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and superego demands. At each stage, it also acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society
- independent variable
- the variable that the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
- resilience
- the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
- ego integrity versus despair
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage of late adulthood
- Age-Graded Influences
- events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last
- maturation
- refers to a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth
- dependent variable
- the variable the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable
- structured observations
- the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response
- oral stage
- Freud's psychosexual stage from birth-1 year
- social learning theory
- the most influential of this theory, devised by albert bandura, emphasizes modeling as a powerful source of development
- structured interviews
- each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way
- normative approach
- Hall and Gesel launched this approach in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
- clinical (case study) method
- brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations and sometimes test scores
- generativity versus stagnation
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage of middle adulthood
- clinical interview
- researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
- lifespan perspective
- a leading dynamic systems approach that includes four assumptions: development is 1. lifelong, 2. multidimensional and multidirectional, 3. highly plastic and 4. affected by multiple interacting forces
- ecological systems theory
- views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
- sequential designs
- investigators conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times
- Latency
- Freud's psychosexual stage from 6-11 years
- identity versus role confusion
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage of adolescence
- Basic trust versus mistrust
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage birth-1yr
- experimental design
- permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
- Genital
- Freud's psychosexual stage adolescence
- social interaction
- cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society
- behavior modification
- consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
- sequences
- several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies
- nurture
- the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth
- microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
- levels of the environment according to ecological systems theory
- cognitive-developmental theory
- children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
- anal stage
- Freud's psychosexual stage from 1-3 years
- contexts
- unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
- sensitive period
- a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
- ego
- the conscious, rational part of personality; emerges in early infancy to redirect the id's impulses so they are discharged on appropriate objects at acceptable times and places
- continuous
- a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
- intimacy versus isolation
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage of early adulthood
- id
- the largest portion of the mind; the source of basic biological needs and desires
- The microsystem
- the innermost level of the environment; consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surroundings
- stages
- qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development
- Cross-Sectional Design
- groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time
- Phallic stage
- Freud's psychosexual stage from 3-6 years
- evolutionary developmental psychology
- seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies and those competencies change with age
- History-Graded Influences
- these explain why people born around the same time tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
- culture
- the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group
- psychosexual theory
- Freud's theory which emphasized that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in he first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
- noble savages
- naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth
- cohort effects
- individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one may not apply to people developing in other times
- sensorimotor stage
- cognitive development begins with the baby's use of the senses and movements to explore the world
- theory
- an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
- information processing
- a perspective that the human mind might also e viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
- naturalistic observation
- a method of going into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest
- sociocultural theory
- focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture
- formal operational stage
- thought becomes the complex, abstract reasoning system of the adolescent and adult
- nature
- inborn biological givens; the hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception
- psychoanalytic perspective
- people move through a series of stages in whicht hey confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflicts are resolved determines the individual's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety
- Longitudinal Design
- participants are studied repeatedly and changes are noted as they get older
- The Mesosystem
- the second level of Bronfenbrenner's model that encompasses connections between microsystems. Ex: how well a parent functions in house is affected by relationships in workplace
- The Exosystem
- made up of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevetheless affect experiences in immediate settings. Ex: board of directors in workplace
- autonomy versus shame and doubt
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage 1-3 yrs
- tabula rasa
- according to this idea, children are, to begin with, nothing at all; their characters are shaped by experience; blank slate
- concrete operational stage
- cognition is transformed into the more organized reasoning of the school-aged child
- developmental cognitive neuroscience
- a new area of investigation that brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
- initiative versus guilt
- Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Stage 3-6 yrs
- Nonnormative influences
- events that are irregular; they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable
- modeling
- imitation of observational learning