Comm Crap
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- Barriers to listening based on situations and speakers
- physical noise, message problems, presentation problems
- Types of reasoning (3)
- reason from principle- we use such principles to justify our value judgments and our calls to actions. Reasoning from reality- depends either on the speaker's personal experience or on the observations of others.(inductive reasoning) Reasoning from parallel cases- suggests that we can learn how to deal with a problem by considering a similar situation.
- Types of evidence(4)
- facts (verifable information), statistics (facts expressed as number), examples(make more concrete), and narratives(stories)
- Characteristics of evidence (4 Rs)
- Relevant, Representative, Recent, Reliable
- Types of presentation aids
- maps, graphs, charts, *textural graphics = a bulleted list
- Types of problem solving(2)
- collaborative problem solving- when a group consists of people from very diverse backgrounds. Dialogue groups- establish a dialogue from which common ground and mutual trust can emerge.
- Giving an ethical speech
- cite sources in order to be credible
- Types of leadership(4)
- transactional leadership-takes place in an environment based on power relationships and relies on reward and punishment to accomplish its ends. Transformational leadership- appeals to "people's higher levels of motivation to contribute to a cause and add to the quality of life on the planet.";Participative, autocratic, transformational, transactional
- Principles of presentation aids (4)
- simplicity, visibility, emphasis, balance
- Process of persuasion(6)
- awareness, understanding, agreement, enactment, and integration of persuasive material
- Barriers to listening based in listeners themselves
- Inattentiveness, Bad Habits, Listening Apprehension, Emotional reactions to words, attitudes
- 6 C's of language
- Clarity, color, concreteness, correctness, conciseness, cultural sensitivity
- Planning for meetings (7)
- have a specific purpose for holding a meeting, prepare an agenda and distribute it to participants before the meeting, keep meetings short, keep groups small, select participants who will interact easily with each other, plan the site of the meeting, and prepare in advance.
- Parts of a narrative
- prologue-beginning, plot-reaches some type of climax, and epilogue-reflects on the meaning of the story.
- Types of ceremonial speeches
- speech of tribute- endorses the values of individual responsibility, striving, and achievement. Acceptance- you need to acknowledge an award or honor. Introductions- you must introduce a featured speaker in a program. Inspiration- You want to motivate listeners to appreciate and commit to a goal, purpose, or set of values; this may be religious, commercial, political, or social in nature. After-Dinner- you want to entertain the audience while leaving a message that can guide future behavior. Here, as elsewhere, brevity is golden. Master of ceremonies- you must coordinate a program and see that everything runs smoothly. The master of ceremonies sets the mood for the occasion.
- Phases of finding a topic(3)
- Discovery phase=look for you topic in general; getting ideas, Exploration phase=researching your topic, Refinement phase=*general purpose, specific, thesis
- Persuasive speech designs(3)
- problem-solution design- first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it. Motivated sequence design- Offers a practical, step-by-step approach when speakers wish to move from the awareness through the enactment phases of the persuasive process in a single speech. Refutative design- appropriate when you need to counter opposing views.
- Functions of presentation aids
- give your audience direct sensory contact with your message. ** helps audience remember things you are saying
- Dewey's Reflective Thinking(5)
- define the problem, generating potential solutions, evaluating solution options, developing a plan of action, and evaluating the results.
- Types of outline
- working (rough) outline, formal outline, keyword outline
- Developing a formal outline (6)
- 1. identification of speech topic, specific purpose, and thesis statement; 2. separation of speech parts: introduction, body, and conclusion; 3. use of numbering and lettering to display coordination and subordination; 4. wording of main points and subpoints as simple declarative sentences; 5. a title; 6. a list of major sources consulted
- Characteristics of a good topic (3)
- 1: Involve you, 2: Must involve audience, 3: One you can manage
- Aristotle's proofs(3)
- Logos- (logic of the speech) recognizes that we respond to reason. Pathos-(emotion of the audience) affirms that we can be touched by appeals to personal feelings such as fear, pity, and anger. Ethos-(credibility of the speech) recognizes that we respond to the personal qualities of speakers, to our perceptions of their competence, character, good will, and dynamism.
- Do's and Don'ts of presentation aids
- Do: practice your speech using Pas, display Pas only when using them, stand to side of PA when using it, point to what is important as you refer to it, maintain eye contact with your audience, limit the number of Pas in your speech, have a backup plan for electronic Pas. Don't: Try to "wing it" using Pas, leave Pas in full view during speech, stand in front of Pas, deliver your speech to your PA, distribute handouts during speech, pass around objects when speaking, talk over sound from Pas.
- Syllogisms
- (this has 3) major premis, minor premis, conclusion - All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, Socrates is..) << also deductive
- Types of narratives (3)
- master narrative- the entire speech becomes a story that reveals some important truth. Vicarious experience narrative- the speaker invites listeners to imagine themselves enacting the story that is the major business of the speech. Embedded narrative- little stories within it