Psyc 201 Final Review
Terms
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- temporal
- Which lobe is involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotion control?
- behavioral
- Theoretical orientation that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior is call __?___ perspective.
- consciousness
- According to Wundt, psychology is the science that investigates the facts of ...?
- somatosensory
- the cortex that is a band of tissue on the front of the parietal lobe. It receives info about touch in different bod y areas
- cognition
- focuses on thought, perception, and information processing.
- phenotype
- the expressive trait of an individual that shows the relation between the genotype and the individual's environment
- structuralism
- Wundt and E. Titchener followed this school of psychology
- behind
- farsightedness occurs when the cornea and lens focus an image __?__ the retina
- perception
- process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into useful representations of the world
- fovea
- a tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones and responsible for sharp vision
- auditory
- the nerve that delivers sounds to brain
- parasympathetic
- Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for calming the body and conserving energy
- Type B
- a calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life is associated with __?__ __?_ personality?
- operant
- Which conditioning is voluntary: Operant or classical ?
- sensory adaptation
- decreased sensory response to continuous stimulation
- myopia
- formal word for nearsightedness (visual acuity problem resulting from cornea and lens focusing on image in front of retina)
- experimental
- research that seeks to identify "cause and effect"
- internal locus of control
- believing that one controls one's own fate
- unconditional positive regard
- according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Also, total caring or prizing of the person for what he or she is, without any reservations or conditions of worth
- acetylcholine
- neurotransmitter affects muscle action, ,cognitive functioning memory, REM sleep, emotion. Suspected role in Alzheimer's disease
- survival
- the fact that the amygdala is located on the hypocampus is important for our __?__.
- cerebella
- balance and posture measured here. Where sobriety tests measures
- absolute threshold
- smallest amount of stimulus we can detect
- applied
- psychological research conducted to solve practical problems
- Health
- Which type of psychologists study how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
- Endorphins
- neurotransmitters that elevate mood, reduce pain, affect memory, learning, etc.
- sensation
- the process of receiving and translating raw sensory data from the internal and external world and transmitting it to the brain
- transduction
- converting a stimulus to a receptor into neural impulses
- pitch
- with respect to sound waves, frequency determines ...?
- HPA axis
- the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex which are activated by stress make up the __?__ __?__.
- occipital
- which lobe is involved with vision and perception
- Epinephrine
- aka adrenaline. Neurotransmitter that affects emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release
- cones
- __?__ are sensitive to Color and fine detail
- humanistic
- perspective that emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and a positive human nature
- humanistic
- Maslow and Carl Rogers follow this perspective
- corpus callosum
- bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain's left and right hemispheres
- sexuality
- Freud was criticized for his emphasis on __?__ and aggression
- Frontal
- which lobe receives and coordinates messages from other lobes; motor control, speech production, and higher functions?
- Hue
- the visual dimension of color, determined by wavelength
- sympathetic
- subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for arousing the body and mobilizing its energy during time of stress; also called the "fight of flight" system
- coping
- in simple terms, __?__ is defined as managing stress in an effective way
- accommodation
- automatic adjustment of the eye, which occurs when muscles change the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from the object at different distances
- blind spot
- part of the retina that contains no receptors and the area where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye
- nerve deafness
- inner-ear deafness resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve
- case study
- Phineas Gage is an example of ... ....?
- cornea
- This is the curved, tough, protective transparent shield on the front of the eye through which light enters
- gate-control theory of pain
- theory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal chord
- sociocultural
- emphasizes social interactions and cultural determinants
- hypothalamus
- a small brain structure beneath the thalamus that maintains the body's internal environment and regulates emotions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression
- emotion-focused
- Coping strategies based on changing one's perceptions of stressful situations are know as __?___ Forms of Coping
- dopamine
- neurotransmitter that initiates movement and affects attention, memory, learning, and emotion. associated with schizophrenia
- gustation
- the sense of taste
- metacognition
- attempting to make sense of the world around us and our own physical and mental statuses "Thinking about thinking"
- parietal
- which lobe receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature? Basically, bodily sensations interpret here.
- ontogenic
- an explanation where individuals change over a lifetime.
- structuralism
- this school of psychology sought to identify the elements of thought through introspection and then determine HOW these elements combined to form the whole experience
- Wundt
- Father of Psychology. Titchener followed him and brought his ideas to the US
- frustration
- is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Selye's three-phase (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion) reaction to severe stress
- True
- True or false: Memory is always being reconstructed and reinvented
- correlational
- a type of research where the researcher measures two or more variables to find "relationships" b/w them
- Skinner
- Who was associated with operant conditioning and favored reward over punishment in the strengthening of a desired behavior?
- Freud
- Followed the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic school of psychology
- James
- American father of psychology. Followed the school of "functionalism"
- cerebral cortex
- thin, gray, wrinkled outer layer on the cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior including receiving sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes.
- action potential
- neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron. This is generated when positively charged ions move in and out through channels in the axon's membrane
- Pavlov
- discovered classical conditioning
- retina
- the light sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye, which contains rods and cones is called ...?
- amygdala
- part of the limbic system involving in aggression and fear
- hyperopia
- formal word for farsightedness
- light
- is the form of electromagnetic energy that moves in waves
- place theory
- theory explaining how we hear high-pitched sounds; different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea
- Behaviorism
- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov follow this school of psychology
- consequences
- Law of effect results in ...?
- functionalism
- school of psychology that asks "why"
- eustachian tube
- A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum
- wavelength
- the ____ of light determines its hue (or color for vision) and pitch (for sound)
- rods
- receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray are responsible for peripheral vision, and are most sensitive in dim light
- instincts
- Freud believed humans are part of the animal kingdom and possess ....?
- olfaction
- sense of smell
- classical
- Watson's "Little Albert" experiment is an example of which conditioning? (Classical or Operant)
- myelin sheath
- multiple sclerosis occurs in which structure of the neuron?
- motor
- at the very back of the frontal lobes lies which cortex? (Somatosensory or Motor)
- operant
- a type of conditioning in behaviorism that studied the modifications of behavior as a consequence of reinforcement (shaping). Skinner followed this
- descriptive
- a type of research with no manipulation of variables
- case study
- an in=depth study of a single research participant
- difference threshold
- small change in a stimulus we can detect
- basic
- psychological research conducted to advance scientific knowledge
- habituation
- When you first put your clothes on this morning you felt them on your skin, but within minutes you no longer noticed them. This is an example of ...?
- amplitude
- the height of a wave from peak to trough that determines intensity. In vision, its brightness and in hearing, its loudness.
- psychoanalytical
- focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts
- natural selection
- the driving mechanism behind evolution that allows individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment to stay alive and produce offspring
- thalamus
- a forebrain structure at the top of the brainstem that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex
- MRI
- Out of these three scanning procedures, which one does not involve radioactivity? PET, CAT, MRI
- timbre
- The complexity of tone that is related to the range or mixture of sounds waves is called ...?