Archaeology, Lecture 1
Terms
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copy deck
- 3 stereotypes
- treasure, spectacular sites, high-profile issues
- basic definition of archaeology
- the science/study of the past
- layman anthropologist definition of archaeology
- the study of prehistoric people or lifeways
- advanced definition of archaeology
- archaeology is the study of past humans and their behaviors through their material remains
- 3 types of archaeology
- prehistoric, historic, pseudoarchaeology
- The physical remains/traces produced by past human activities/behaviors on the world
- archaeological record
- Means used by archaeologists to find, recover, preserve, describe, or analyze remains/traces of past human activities
- methods used to study archaeological record
- Info/ideas used to assess meaning of remains/traces of human activity
- archaeological theory
- First archaeologist
- Nabonidus
- Looked to physical residues of antiquity to answer questions about past
- Nabonidus
- Distinguished between present and past
- Renaissance
- Looked to antiquity for moral philosophy
- Petrarch
- Wanted to imitate classical civilizations, so had to study them (classical archaeology)
- Petrarch
- Led to rediscovery of past by those in Western European intellectual tradition
- Petrarch
- Established modern discipline of archaeology
- Pizzicolli
- Studied Anglo-Saxon law and writings
- Society of Antiquaries
- Said that people had right to rebel against king
- Society of Antiquaries
- Proved existence of very ancient man
- Boucher de Perthes
- Antiquity of humankind was accepted in...
- ...1859
- Efficient and organized annual archaeological campaigns
- C.B. Moore
- Riverboat archaeology
- C.B Moore
- First used stratigraphy
- Nes Nelson
- Fascinated with lore of Native Americans
- Nes Nelson
- First American PhD in archeology of North America
- A.V. “Ted†Kidder
- Promoted controlled excavation and analysis
- A.V. “Ted†Kidder
- Modified stratigraphy to construct cultural chronology of SW
- A.V. “Ted†Kidder
- Proved potential of aerial reconnaissance
- A.V. “Ted†Kidder
- Refined techniques to place stages of pottery development (seriation), which helped in establishing chronology of findings
- James A. Ford
- Criticized elders of community, including A.V. Kidder and his research
- Walter W. Taylor
- A Study of Archaeology
- Walter W. Taylor
- Accused archaeologists of compiling trait lists- classifying and describing artifacts for no real purpose- wanted them to quantify data and find meanings, test those hypotheses
- Walter W. Taylor
- New archaeology
- 1960s
- Proposed that artifacts be examined in terms of their cultural contexts and be interpreted in their roles as reflections of technology, society, and belief systems
- Lewis R. Binford
- Promoted precise, unambiguous scientific methods
- Lewis R. Binford
- Archaeological investigation of disenfranchised groups
- Kathleen A. Deagan
- Spanish-Indian intermarriage and descent (mestizos)
- Kathleen A. Deagan
- The study of all aspects of humankind, employing an all-encompassing holistic approach
- anthropology
- 3 types of anthro
- biological, cultural, linguistic
- The study of humans as biological organisms
- biological anthropology
- The study of nonbiological aspects of humans- learned social, linguistic, technological, and familial behaviors
- cultural anthropology
- Questioning and observing people while living in their society
- participant observation
- People who study one culture in detail
- ethnographers
- The study of language use
- linguistic anthropology
- 3 parts of culture
- learned, shared, symbolic
- learning culture
- enculturation
- Research perspective that defines ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior (culture as ideas)
- ideational perspective
- Can’t understand behavior w/o understanding what it symbolizes
- ideational perspective
- Research perspective that emphasizes technology, ecology, demography, and economics in defining human behavior (culture as adaptation)
- adaptive perspective
- culture as a system
- adaptive perspective
- scienctific approach is...
- ...objective
- humanistic approach is...
- ...subjective
- Working from specific facts or observations to general conclusions
- inductive reasoning
- Reasoning from theory to account for specific observational or experimental results
- deductive reasoning
- made monograph of mounds, concluded that they were not Native Americans- instead, were related to Mexican/Central American Indians
- Squier and Davis
- compiled information on 2000 Moundbuilder sites, concluded that they were made by Native Americans
- Powell
- examined linguistics of 40+ tribes, excavated burial mound on his property, concluded that Native Americans built them
- Jefferson
- A doctrine, attitude, or way of life that focuses on human interests and values. Usually rejects a search for universals and stresses importance of individual’s lived experience
- humanism
- Dakota village humanistic excavation
- Spector