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PUP Civil rights

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Dred Scott v. Sandford
U.S. Sup. Ct. declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and held that the federal govt. had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories
Plessy v. Ferguson
U.S. Sup. Ct. upheld the segregationist laws known as Jim Crow laws when it ruled in favor of the separate but equal doctrine.
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
Chaplinsky was a JW - fighting words not subject to 1st Amendment freedom of speech
Buckley v. Valeo
Sup. Ct. ruled restrictions on political funding were unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland
U.S. Sup. Ct. struck down a Maryland tax on the national bank and gave broad scope to federal authority under the constitution. The Ct. inferred that congress had implied powers \"necessary and proper\" to carry out enumerated pwers of the constitution.
Gibbons v. Ogden
U.S. Sup. Ct. overturned a NY law establishing a steamboat monopoly as an infringement of the federal governments power to regulate interstate commerce, over which Congress has primary authority
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka
U.S. Sup. Ct. overturned Plessy v. Ferguson by striking down laws requiring school segreation
Mapp v. Ohio
U.S. Sup. Ct. extended the exclusionary rule to the states.
Miranda v. Arizona
The U.S. Court held that persons arrested for crimes must be read their rights protected under the constitution before being interrogated by police.
Brandenburg v. Ohio
Held the Ohio law violated Brandenberg\'s right to free speech (Brandenberg - KKK)
Miller v. California
Obscenity Charges - mass mailing - the Court held that obscene materials did not enjoy 1st Amendment protection
 Richmond v. Crosen (1989)
A minority set-aside program giving 30% of contracts to minority companies unconstitutional.
Griswold v. Connecticut
anti-contraception law - right to privacy - The Connecticut statute forbidding use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy which is guaranteed in the Bill of Rights - Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood - this paved the way for Roe v. Wade
Gideon v. Wainwright
The right of an indigent Defendant in a criminal trial to have the assistance of counsel is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial, and ptitioner\'s trial and conviction without the assistnace of counsel violated the 14th Amendment.
Lemon v. Kurtzman
created the Lemon Test for evaluating laws relating to the relationship between chruch and state reltigious liberty.
Lemon Test
For a statute not to be a violation fo the establishment clause it must meet the following conditions: 1) must have a secular legislative purpose 2) its principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion and 3) it must not foster an excessive entanglement with religion.
Furman v. Georgia
later reinstated in Gregg v. Georgia - Sup. Ct. struck down the death penalty under cruel and unusual punishment clause of 8th amendment - disproportinately applied to Americans who were poor, young and African American
Gregg v. Georgia
reinstated the death penalty
Everson v. Board of Education
$ to children on school buses - religion - involved 14th Amendment - NY Sup. Ct. held that the state leg. was without power under the state constitution to authorize reimburesement to parents of bus fares paid for transporting their children to schools other than public schools using the 14th Amendment. the Court applied the establishment clause to the states. However it was not violated so long as $ was not given directly to religious shcools or gave them specific benefits.
Engel v. Vitale
violates the establishment of religion clause of 1st Amendment - prayer - first in a series of cases in which the court used the establishment clause to eliminate religious activities of all sorts.
Employment Division v. Smith
court has never held that an individuals religious beliefs excuse him from compliance with an otherwise valid law. Smith was a native american who was smoking paote at lunch - filed for unemployment and was denied then went to court to sue for loss of job based on religious act.

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