Psychology Chapter 1
Terms
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- Counseling Psychologists
- Treat people who have adjustment problems rather than serious mental disorders. Work often at universities
- Peri Psyches
- "About the mind". explores sensation, perception, thought, intelligence, needs and motives
- Learning Perspective
- Personal experience and reinforcement guide individual development
- B. F. Skinner
- Created reinforcement theory
- Environmental Psychologists
- Study how people's surrounding affect them
- Consumer Psychologists
- Study the behavior of shoppers to predict and explain their behavior
- Functionalism
- People learn and repeat useful, adaptive behaviors and become habits. Less useful habits are forgotten
- Personality Psychologists
- Identify characteristics or traits
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Created a lab in Leipzig and also structuralism
- Associationism
- Experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past
- Educational Psychologists
- Work on course planning and instructional methods
- Developmental Psychologists
- Study the changes that occur throughout a person's life span
- Gestalt School
- Belief that the sum of the parts is greater than the sums of their parts
- Forensic Psychologists
- Work within criminal justice system
- Principles of Psychology
- 1890, considered to be the first modern psychology textbook
- Hippocrates
- Believed madness was caused by abnormalities in the brain
- Cognitive Perspective
- Perceptions and thought influence behavior
- Reinforcement
- People and animals are more likely to learn when rewarded for performing an action
- Humanistic Perspective
- People make free and conscious choices based on their unique experiences
- Behavior
- any action that other people can observe or measure
- Psychodynamic Thinking
- another name for Freud's theory
- Biological Perspective
- Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes
- Barnum Effect
- Tendency to believe a general personality report
- William James
- "Stream of consciousness", created functionalism with others, wrote Principles of Psychology
- Principle
- rule or law that one thing follows or is caused by another
- John B Watson
- created behaviorism
- Sigmund Freud
- creator of psychoanalysis and one of the most influential men in psychology
- Psychoanalysis
- Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts
- John Locke
- Theorized that knowledge is not inborn but is learned from experiences
- Cognitive activities
- Dreams, perceptions, thoughts and memories
- Experimental Psychologists
- Partake in basic research, research for its own sake
- Health Psychologists
- Study how behavior and mental aspects affect health
- Socrates
- said "know thyself"
- Evolutionary Perspective
- Adaptive organisms survive and transmit their genes to future generations
- Clinical Psychologists
- Largest group, help people with psychological problems but can't provide drugs
- Theory
- statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do
- Aristotle
- wrote Peri Psyches and created associationism
- Sociocultural Perspective
- Sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors create individual differences
- Social Psychologists
- Study people's behavior in social situations
- Structuralism
- Consciousness broken down into objective and subjective parts
- Industrial and Organizational Psychologists
- Study behavior of people and work, like those in organizations
- Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Unconscious motives influence behavior
- Introspection
- to "look within"
- Psychological constructs
- Used to talk about something we cannot see, touch or measure
- Behaviorism
- Consciousness is personal and thus only behavior should be studied to understand people
- School Psychologists
- Identify students with problems and help with placement of students