Chapter 21
Making Europe-People, Politics, and Culture-by Kidner
Terms
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- utopian socialists
- Early socialists such as Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen who believed taht the profits of industrialization should be used to improve living conditions throughout society.
- Zollverein
- German Customs Union, or free-trade area, dominated by Prussia and important in Prussian unification of Germany in 1871
- consumer cooperatives
- oganizaitons of consumers who band together to obtrain better prices form producers and share profits derived from sales
- egalitarianism
- Belief that all people should have the same social, political, and in its most radical version: economic rights
- New Lanark
- Cotton mill town on Clyde River in Scotland where Robert Owen combined profit making with efforts to improve workers' lives
- alienation
- Mark's concept of the breakdown, under capitalism, of workers' pride in and identification with the product of their labor.
- George Stephenson
- English railroad pioneer,inventor, and engineer responsible for some of Britain's earliest locomotives and rail lines in the 1820s and 1830s
- John McAdam
- Scottish engineer who developed a technique for a harder, less muddy road surface known as "macadam" in various languages
- means of production
- Factories, workshops, and other tools that produce wealth
- urbanization
- Process by which cities grow as population shifts from rural to urban areas; a major effect of industrialization
- Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
- Early socialist of noble birth whose ideal society was led by an elite of technocrats
- socialism
- political movement of 19th and 20th centuries that aimed to end industrial poverty by spreading profits throughout society.
- kibbutzim
- Collective agricultural settlements set up by Jewish settlers in what is now Israel in the late ineteenth century and continuing to the present
- Joseph Marie Jacquard
- French inventor and businessman who used punch cards to "program" complicated weaving styles on the power looms called by his name.
- Manchester
- Textile manufacturing city in northern England
- tariffs
- Taxes charged on imported goods that raise comsumer costs and add to government revenues.
- George Eliot
- Major English novelist, born Mary Ann Evans, whose novels portrayed social and moral problems of the lower middle class
- temperance movement
- Movement to band the use of alcoholic beverages, often affiliated with Christian churches and led by middle-class women
- assimilation
- Process by which one ethnic or cultural group takes on the attributes of another
- Wilheml von Humboldt
- German philosopher,linquist, and statesman, after whome Berlin's main university is named
- Robert Owen
- Scottish industrialist and socialist who attempted to incorporate cooperative principles in his factories
- Charlotte and Emily Bronte
- English novelists and poets, authors of nevels including Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights.
- dialectical
- process of thought that achieves a higher synthesis by reconciling two contradictory ideas (thesis and anti-thesis)
- Luddites
- Workers and artisans who destroyed the machines depriving them of a livelihood during early stages of industrialization; now anyone who opposes technological change
- Francois Babeuf
- French revolutionary who demandedn ot only legal but economic equality among all citizens
- Francois Guizot
- French historian and politician who believed that the poor must imporve their own economic condition trough hard work without government aid.
- Reform Judaism
- Movement to modernize Jewish life, retaining the religious core of Judaism but eliminating many differences from Gentiles in everyday life.
- Methodism
- Rleigious movement in nineteenth century Britain that preached self-control, frugality, and hard work, appealing primarily to working-class people
- Friedrich Engels
- Karl Marx's closest collaborator, son of a German industrialist who spent most of his life in England
- trade unions
- Organizations having the aim of protecting workers' rights, improving working conditions, and enhancing workers' prosperity
- Fyodor Dostoevsky
- Russian writer, author fo Crime and Punishment, and The Brothers Karamazov
- Samuel Smiles
- Scottish writer who achieved fame through books promising success through hard work, such as Self-Help, Thrift, Character, and Duty
- Proletariat
- Industrial workers or, more generally, people who own absolutely nothing except their own labor
- laudanum
- Opium dissolved in alcohol, a popularthough habit-forming sleep aid in the nineteenth century
- Saxony
- Region in southeastern Germany, formerly an independent kingdom, important in German industrialization.
- capitalism
- Economic system characterized by private property and a amrket economy developed by industrialization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- radicalism
- Political ideologies that strive for thoroughgoing political and social changes
- progressive income tax
- Tax on money earned, with high earners paying a greater percentage of income than individuals earning less
- Karl Marx
- German-born radical scholar and writer, ong-time collaborator with Friedrich Engels, and qutor of Capital and The Communist Manifesto
- Edwin Chadwick
- English social reformer who worked to imporve conditions for the poor through better hygiene and government programs.
- Eden Treaty
- Treaty between France and Great Britain in 1786 permitting the import of British manufactured goods into France
- Alsace-Lorraine
- Region of northeastern France in which French industrialization was concentrated before 1850
- tuberculosis
- infectious disease that affectst he lungs and if untreated often leads to death; a common killer in the nineteenth century, now treatable with antibiotics
- separate spheres
- Middle-class ideal whereby home life was strictly separated from the workplace, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.
- Charles Fourier
- French thinker who envisioned socialist communites having a division of labor based on passions and abilities
- Charles Dickens
- Famous English novelist, outhor of Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol
- capitalists
- Individuals whose income comes from capital--wealth in money rather than land--invested in factories and commerce for profit
- elitist
- Belief that a small and superior group of individuals has the moral righta nd responsibility to make important socail and political decisions
- G.W.F Hegel
- Important philosopher of the 19th century whose philosophy of historical progress was crucial for Marx.
- interchangable parts
- Precision manufactureo f identical parts so that if the original part breaks or wears out, it can be replaced
- communism
- Radical political philosophy proposed by Karl Marx, advocating the abolition of private property and an inevitable violent workers' revolution
- Benjamin Disraeli
- English writer and coservative statesman who was a favorite of Queen Victoria; the son of a converted Jew but very proud of his Jewish origins.
- Ruhr
- Region in western Germany that became a center of industrial production and metal industry.
- George Sand
- French femaile author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women
- industrial take-off
- The point at which industrialization continues to grow on its own--that is, becomes self-perpetuating.
- Victorian
- Term referring to the reign of queen Victoria and carrying a connotation of sexual restraint, humorlessness, and social conservatism.
- class consciousness
- Identification with other members of one's economic class--for example, industrial workers or middle-class professionals
- Werner Siemens
- German inventor and businessman who established his first factory in Berlin in 1847 and was a major figurei n the manufacture of electrical goods
- tenemants
- Cheapily built, crowded, and often squalid multistory dwellings, often constructed by factory owners to house workers