psychology chap 1-2
Terms
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- What is "pscyhe" Greek for?
- soul or mind
- Goal of psychology?
- To understand, predict, and sometimes control behavior
- What does the B stand for in Banduras reciprocal causation?
- Behavior- persons response or action
- what does the e stand for in banduras reciprocal causation?
- environment- includes the physical and social enviornment surrounding an individual. it includes reinforcement and punishment contingencies
- where was the birth of scientific psychology?
- leipzig, germany in 1879
- aristotle was around in the year..?
- 350 BC
- Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
- Founded the first lab that was devoted to experimental psychology. Wished to understand sensations and feelings
- In 1859 Darin proposed what?
- Humans and animals came from a common ancestor
- Who was John B. Watson?
- believed psychology should be scientific and only be concerned with observable behavior **BEHAVIORIST**
- What was considered the most important psychology text ever written and who was it written by?
- William James, The principles of psychology
- Who demonstrated how selective rewards and punishments shape our behavior?
- BF skinner **BEHAVIORIST**
- Who believed that we have an unconsious that influences in ways we arent aware? Also had little emperical evidence to support ideas
- Sigmund Frued **BEHAVIORIST**
- Who were the humanistic psycholigsts?
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- what did humanistic psycholigsts believe?
- that humans are basically good, motivated. they wanted to help people reach their full potential and become self actualized.
- Herbert Simon, Alan Newell, and Noam Chomsky were an example of what kind of psycholigsts?
- cognitive
- what did the cognitive psycholigist noam chomsky demonstrate?
- that we could study unobservable phenomena such as memory and other mental processes. used computer as a model for how the human brain works.
- david buss was a..
- evolutionary psychologist. used mate selection and cheating as areas of examples.
- what are the two main areas in psychology?
- clinical and counseling
- wht are the six basic kinds of psychology?
- cognitive, developmental, social, personality, biological, and cognitive neuroscience
- what are the three kinds of applied psychology?
- ergonomics, industrial/organizational, school
- explain research methodology
- evaluating scienctific method, most research centers on testing theories.
- what is a case study used for?
- rare unusual phenomena
- what are the advantages of a case study?
- very detailed results
- what are the disadvantages of a case study?
- big waste of time, variation, small sample group
- what is correlational design?
- it measure the relationships between two naturally occuring variables. ex; wealth/education, poverty/crime
- in which design does the experimenter NOT manipulate any variable?
- correlational design
- what is the correlation coefficient?
- the estimate of the relationship between any two variables
- what numbers do the correlation coefficient range from?
- -1 to +1
- T OR F: the closer the number is to 0, the weaker the relationship
- TRUE
- TRUE OR FALSE : negative correlations are weak
- FALSE
- true or false: correlation does not show causation
- TRUE
- what kind of design is the one that the experimenter manipulates one or more variables while holding all the other variables constnat?
- experimental design
- in a experimental design, what varable does the experimenter manipulate?
- the independent
- in an experimental design, what is the variable that the experimenter measures?
- the dependent variable
- why is random assignement in experimental design so important?
- because it assures that there is no preexisting differences between the 2 groups
- define internal validity
- the degree that we are successful in eliminatying confounding variables in the study
- what are some threats to external validity?
- sampling
- what are some threats to internal validity?
- experimenter and participant expectancy, and confounding variables