Psychology-Chapter 1 Study Guide
Terms
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- behaviorist
- a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment
- Sir Francis Galton
- Nature vs. Nurture (heredity vs. environmental)
- Maslow and Rogers
- humanists (1960s), described human nature as evolving and self directed; humans not controlled by events in the environment or by unconscious forces (serve as background)
- psychiatrist
- a medical doctor who can prescribe medication to patients (clinical & counseling degree is required)
- psychology
- the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research
- educational psychologist
- a psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn
- humanistic
- behavior viewed as a reflection of internal growth~ assumes that all are good, active and creative and have potential ~ people shape the world, the world doesn't (have to) shape them
- Goals of psychology
- Description: describe or gather info about a behavior being studied and to present what is known. Explanation: find out how or explain why (hypothesis). Predict: be able to know how a person/ animal is going to react in certain situations. Influence: find out ways that psychologists could be helpful.
- hypothesis
- an assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research
- Wundt (Wilhelm)
- German~founder of psychology as a science ~ introspection (controlling a situation and subject reports thoughts) ~ a way of collecting information about the mind (structuralist)
- counseling psychologist
- a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living
- psychoanalytic
- behavior is viewed as a reflection of unconscious aggressive an sexual impulses. Behavior is the result of unconscious struggles between our "good" or "bad" side.
- cognitive
- having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding
- scientific method
- a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
- What civilization started the study of psychology?
- Greeks
- basic science
- the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena of its own sake
- B.F. Skinner
- a behaviorist~wrote books detailing Utopian societies in which lab techniques of rewards and punishments are put into community
- functionalist
- a psychologist who studied the function (rather than structure) of consciousness
- Jean Piaget/cognitivism
- focus is on how we process, store and use information and how this information influences our thinking language, problem solving and creativity. They believe that behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus
- developmental psychologist
- a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures
- Current approaches to psychology
- psychoanalytic; humanistic; behavioral; neurobiological; cognitive; sociocultural (all of these are approaches to what?)
- experimental psychologist
- a psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning motivation and emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions
- theory
- a set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study
- Gestalt (psychology)
- Max Wertheimer; Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts- it involves a "whole pattern"
- psychology
- the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research
- free association
- ~Sigmund Freud~ a Freudian technique used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say what ever comes into his or her mind
- neurobiological
- examines behavior in terms of physical changes and biological responses ~ muscular changes > chemical changes in the body/brain. No focus on emotions or outside world.
- psychobiologist
- a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior
- structuralist
- a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences
- applied science
- discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals
- behavioral
- behavior viewed as a product of earned responses based on rewards and punishments
- health psychologist
- study the interaction between physical and psychological health factors. They may investigate how stress or depression leads to physical ailments such as ulcers, cancer or the common cold.
- sociocultural
- behavior is view as strongly influenced by rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures. Cultures make us who we are.
- psychoanalyst
- a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior
- clinical psychologist
- a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances
- Sigmund Freud
- introduced concept of the unconscious mind~ conscious experience like tip of the iceberg~ free association ~ job of psychoanalyst to be objective and interpret information~ dream analysis
- APA divisions
- a scientific and professional society of psychologists and educators (American Psychological Association) -largest association in the world & USA.
- Ivan Pavlov
- conditioned response in dogs to salivate at sound of tuning fork
- community psychologist
- a psychologist who may work in a mental health or social welfare agency
- cognitive
- behavior is viewed as a product of our internal "conversations" and thoughts. Focus is on thinking and thought processes
- John B. Watson
- Behaviorist- only observable behavior should be studied. All behavior is the result of rewards and punishments. NO FREE WILL.
- environmental psychologist
- work in business settings or within the government to study the effects of the environment on people
- introspection
- a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings