English Standards

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English vocabulary words from the standards

Terms

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word recognition: process of determining the pronunciation and some degree of meaning of a word in written or printed form;
transitions: words and phrases that help explain relationships between sentences and allow a reader or writer to move from one idea to another
connotation: attitudes and feelings associated with a word as opposed to a word's literal meaning
characterization: method an author uses to create the appearance and personality of imaginary characters in a piece of fiction; often developed by describing a character's physical appearance, revealing a character's nature through character's speech, thoughts, feelilngs or actions
fluency: act of reading easily, smoothly and automatically with a rate appropriate for the text, indicating that students inderstand meaning
brainstorming: prewriting technique in which students either alone or in groups, jot down all words and phrases that come to mind on a topic to expand the range of available ideas, to solve a problem or to clarify a concept
context clues: information a reader may obtain from a text that helps confirm the meaning of a word or group of words
fable: story intended to enforce a useful truth, especially one in which animals speak and act like human beings
construct meaning: process of understanding what is read through interaction with text
e.g.: exempli gratia (Latin), meaning "for example"
persona: voice or character representing a speaker or narrator of a literary work
expository: spoken or written composition, intending to set forth or explain
digraphs: two successive letters that make a single sound
concrete image: when a speaker or writer uses words that induce audiences to call up "pictures" in their minds by appealing to their senses of taste, smell, hearing, touch, and sight
diction: clarity and distinctiveness of pronunciation; choice of words in speaking or writing
metaphor: figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things
focus: center of interest or attention; in writing the central idea
decode: analyze spoken or graphic symbols of a familiar language to ascertain their intended meaning
conventions: accepted rules of written and spoken language
revision: stage of the writing process in which one considers and improves the meaning and underlying structure of a written draft
expository: spoken or written composition, intending to set forth or explain
sensory details: details perceived by sight, hearing, smell or any mode by which one perceives stimuli outside or within the body
syntax: the way in which sentences are formed; the grammatical rules that govern their formation
hypothesize: to make an assetion about something assumed but not positively known
credibility: quality or state of offering reasonable grounds for being believed
dynamic character: character who undergoes a change during the course of a story
foreshadowing: technique of giving clues to coming events in a narrative
flat character: character with only one outstanding trait or feature
genre: established class or category of artistic composition or literature
inferential question: question that asks a responder to draw a conclusion
conventions: accepted rules of written and spoken language
main idea: gist of a passage; central thought
idiom: combination of words that is not strictly in accordance with grammatical rules and often possesses a meaning other than its grammatical or logical one
i.e.: Id est (LAtin) meaning "that is"
third person narrative: narration in which the point of view is that of someone outside the story who refers to all characters by name or as "he", "she", and "they"
evaluative question: question that asks the responder to make a judgment
soliloquy: a speech, usually given alone on stage, in which a character speaks aloud his thoughts
word families: groups of words with clear relationships
text structure: author's method of organizing a text
glittering generalities: propaganda technique in which words have different positive meanings for individual subjects but are linked to highly valued concepts
cause and effect: organizational structure of text in which there is a description of events and their causes or consequences
static character: character who does not change during a story
sequencing: arrangement in which things follow in a logical order or a recurrent pattern; a following of one thing after another in time
functional documents: works of nonfiction such as 'how to" books, technical manuals and instructions
allegory: a metaphorical narrative in prose or verse in which fictional figures and actions usually represent truths or generalizations about human existence
connotation: attitudes and feelings associated with a word as opposed to a word's literal meaning
rhetorical device: method used in writing or speaking in which language is used to influence or persuade an audience
flashback: technique of stopping the chronological action in a story and shifting to an earlier period to introduce additional information
format: the size, shape and general makeuo
resolution: point in a lterary work at which the chief dramatic complication is resolved
problem-solution: organizationsl structure of text that is similar to cause and effect, except that outcomes are a result or solution of a perceived need or problem
inflection: process or result of changing form of a word to express a syntactic function without changing the word's grammatical class, as run to ran or runs
graphic organizer: method of organization of information which incorporates diagrams or other pictorial devices
narrative: one of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing that tells a story or gives an account of something
format: the size, shape and general makeuo
prior knowledge: knowing that stems from previous experiences
literary element: component of a piece of literature such as plot or setting in a story
cues: hand, body, opr facial gestures that communicate meaning with little or no use of language
symbol: concrete thing used to suggest something larger and more abstract
fluency: act of reading easily, smoothly and automatically with a rate appropriate for the text, indicating that students inderstand meaning
comprehension: process in which a reader constructs meaning through interaction with text; accurately understanding what is written or said
antonym: a word opposite in meaning to another word
explicit: fully or clearly expressed; definite
rubric: an authoritative set of rules which can be used as a means of evaluation
flashback: technique of stopping the chronological action in a story and shifting to an earlier period to introduce additional information
consonance: repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after differing vowel sounds (ex. stoke/luck)
comparison and contrast: organizational structure of text in which a description of similarities and differences among two or more things occur
alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words (ex. winter wind)
dialogue: conversation between two or more characters in a work that is used by writers to give insight into the characters themselves
evaluative question: question that asks the responder to make a judgment
public documents: nonfiction materials such as newspapers, editorials and speeches
e.g.: exempli gratia (Latin), meaning "for example"
propaganda: spreading of ideas, information or rumor for the purpose of helping or injurying an institution, a cause or a person
viewpoint: staance or vantage point from which a story is narrated
compound word: combination of two or more words that function as a single unit of meaning
functional documents: works of nonfiction such as 'how to" books, technical manuals and instructions
simile: figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as"
digraphs: two successive letters that make a single sound
secondary source: source that is reporting on or analyzing information from another source
primary source: firsthand information, such as an eyewitness account
open-ended question: types of question intended to produce a free response rather that a direct or one-word response
visual aid: instructional device, such as a chart, map, diagram, cutaway or overlay, that helps a reader to comprehend information
high-frequency word: word that appears many more times than most other words in spoken or written language
topic sentence: sentence intended to express the main idea in a paragraph or passage
intonation: the rise and fall of a voice pitch
style: author's distinctive manner of expression
consumer document: nonfiction works such as warranties, product information and instructional materials designed to help one with daily tasks
persuasive technique: method used in speaking or writing to get an audience to agree with the speaker or writer's point of view
figurative language: language enriched by words and figures of speech
conflict: struggle between opposing forces about the action within a story or drama; can be internal (within a character) or external (between a character and an outside force)
pun: usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound
coherence: the quality of a piece of writing in which the ideas are clearly arranged so a reader can follow the progression from one idea to the next
limited point of view: vantage point in which a narrator tells the story in the third person but often confines himself to what is experienced, thought and felt by a single or limited number of characters
chronological: organizational structure of text in which events are placed in the order they occur in time
plagiarism: to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as one's own
theme: topic of discussion or writing; a major idea or proposition broad enough to cover the entore scope of a literary work
description: one of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing that gives a verbal picture of a character and an event, including the setting in which they occur
conflict: struggle between opposing forces about the action within a story or drama; can be internal (within a character) or external (between a character and an outside force)
fable: story intended to enforce a useful truth, especially one in which animals speak and act like human beings
counter-argument: point or statement in opposition to the argument being made in a written document or speech
prefix: affix attached before a base word or root
thesis: basic argument advanced by a speaker or writer who then attempts to prove it
hyperbole: figure of speech which uses a deliberate exaggeration
construct meaning: process of understanding what is read through interaction with text
dialogue: conversation between two or more characters in a work that is used by writers to give insight into the characters themselves
word origins: history or etymology of words; the meanings of roots and affixes
appeal to authority: to call upon an individual or other source as an expert to give credence to an argument made by an author of a work
explicit: fully or clearly expressed; definite
implicit: to be assumed but not directly expressed
synthesizing question: question that asks a responder to combine separate elements into one concept
dynamic character: character who undergoes a change during the course of a story
editing: step in preparing a written work for publication or review that focuses on clarity and correctness
appeal to emotion: when a speaker or writer builds an argument using expressive language or other devices instead or presenting evidence
homograph: word with the same spelling as another word, whether or not pronounced alike
skim and scan: to examine or read something quickly, but selectively, for a particular purpose
cues: hand, body, opr facial gestures that communicate meaning with little or no use of language
declarative sentence: sentence that makes a statement
tale: story for children that includes fantastic forces and elements of magic
setting: the time and place of the action of a literary work
figurative meaning: symbolic interpretation of written work
transfer: persuasive technique in which a product is associated with something attractive or respectable
language: systematic use of sounds, signs and symbols as a method of communication; in writing, the coice of words used to convey meaning
tone: reflection of an author's attitude toward subject
figurative meaning: symbolic interpretation of written work
gerund: verb form that ends in -ing and is used as a moun
testimonial: propaganda technique based on quotations or endorsements from famous people, in or out of content that attempts to connect famous or respectable person with a product or item
venn diagram: mapping technique using overlapping circles showing features either unique or common to two or more concepts
workplace documents: job-related nonfiction materials such as memoranda, meeting minutes and travel schedules
stereotyping: standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude or uncritical judgment
denotation: literal or "dictionary" meaning of a word
word wall: large area of a wall where important words are displayed as references for reading and writing
imagery: words and phrases that create vivid sensory experiences for a reader
root word: in a complex word, the meaning base form after all affixes are removed
parody: literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule
focus: center of interest or attention; in writing the central idea
personification: figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to animals, inanimate objects or ideas
exclamatory sentence: sentence that makes a vehement statement or conveys strong or sudden emotion
analogy: a method of explaining something unfamiliar by using a comparison of similar, more familiar things;
satire: literary technique in which ideas, customs, behaviors or institutions are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society
point of view: perspective or attitude of a narrator of a piece of literature
parallel structure: phrasing of language so as to balance ideas of equal importance
consumer document: nonfiction works such as warranties, product information and instructional materials designed to help one with daily tasks
writing circle: revision strategy in which each writer submits a paper to a group and receives advice for editing
declarative sentence: sentence that makes a statement
first person narrative: narration in which the point of view is that of the main character
credibility: quality or state of offering reasonable grounds for being believed
dialect: form of language as it is spoken in a particular geographic area or by a particular social or ethnic group
informational documents: works of nonfiction such as transcripts, reports or journals
mood: feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for a reader
suffix: affix attached to the end of a base, root or stem that changes the meaning or grammatical function of a word
acronym: a word formed from the initial letters or letters of each word in a set of words (ex. NATO)
text features: organizers or written materials such as indexes, prefaces, appendices, definitional footnotes, sidebars, table of content, illustrations or photographs
denotation: literal or "dictionary" meaning of a word
homophone: word with different origin and meaning but the same pronunciation as another word, whether or not spelled alike (hair and hare)
flat character: character with only one outstanding trait or feature
subplot: secondary action of a story that reinforces or contrasts with the main plot
topic: general category or class of ideas, often stated in word or phrase, to which the ideas of a passage as a whole belong
round character: a character who is complex and multi-dimensional
irony: recognition of the difference between reality and appearance
compound sentence: sentence with two or more coordinate indeoendent clauses but no dependent clause
editing: step in preparing a written work for publication or review that focuses on clarity and correctness
appeal to reason: to call upon a reader's ability to think in a rational way in order to cause a change in thought
concrete image: when a speaker or writer uses words that induce audiences to call up "pictures" in their minds by appealing to their senses of taste, smell, hearing, touch, and sight
media: means of communication, especially of mass communication, such as books, newspapers, magazines, radio, tv
homonym: word with different origin and meaning but the same oral and written form as one or more other words
bandwagon: a fallacy in which one is attracted to a popular party, faction or cause that attracts growing support; following the crowd rather than using evidence to justify a conclusion
dialect: form of language as it is spoken in a particular geographic area or by a particular social or ethnic group
decode: analyze spoken or graphic symbols of a familiar language to ascertain their intended meaning
anecdote: a brief narrative of an interesting, unusual or biographical event often used to illustrate a point
consonance: repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after differing vowel sounds (ex. stoke/luck)
exclamatory sentence: sentence that makes a vehement statement or conveys strong or sudden emotion
plot: the careful sequencing of events in a stiry generally built around a conflict
assonance: close repetition of middle vowel sounds (ex. stony and holy)
fallacy: typical error in reasoning that arises commonly in ordinary discourse and renders unsound the argument in which it appears
synonym: one of two or more words in a language that have similar meanings
transitive verb: verb that takes a direct object
figurative language: language enriched by words and figures of speech
first person narrative: narration in which the point of view is that of the main character
onomatopoeia: words whose sound imitates their suggested meaning (e.g.- buzz, hiss, and clang)
foreshadowing: technique of giving clues to coming events in a narrative
description: one of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing that gives a verbal picture of a character and an event, including the setting in which they occur
inference: general conclusion drawn from information that is given
monologue: extended speech in a drama or a narrative that is presented by one character
interrogative sentence: sentence that asks a question or makes an inquiry
fallacy: typical error in reasoning that arises commonly in ordinary discourse and renders unsound the argument in which it appears
sight word: word that is immediatley recognized as a whole and does not require word analysis for identification
persuasive: one of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing that moves the reader by argument or entreaty to a belief or position
omniscient point of view: vantage point in which a narrator is removed from the story and knows everything that needs to be known
infinitive: verb that is usually introduced by "to"
literal meaning: actual meaning of a word or phrase
bias: inclination of temperament or outlook; personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment
diction: clarity and distinctiveness of pronunciation; choice of words in speaking or writing
prewriting: initial creative stage of writing prior to drafting, in which a writer formulates ideas, gathers information, and considers ways to organzie them
context clues: information a reader may obtain from a text that helps confirm the meaning of a word or group of words

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Deck Info

Number of cards 194