Western Expansion: History
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Bureau of Indian Affairs
-
-Established within War Department(1824), worked close with Army.
-Significance: sent message - "Indians who resisted confinement on reservations woudlb e delt with by force."
-Rarely lived up to side of bargain.
-Supplies for Native Americans sold elsewhere. - Sitting Bull
-
(Iyotake, Tatanka)
Sioux medicine man.
-Opposed reservation life
-Inspired Battle of Rosebud & Little Bighorn
-Joined Ghost Dance Religion.
-Killed after ordered for arrest. - Battle of the Little Bighorn
-
-Army's decision to strike first
-Crazy Horse and native americans outnumber troops 3 to 1
-General George Armstrong Custor and battalion of over 200 men killed in less than an hour. - Sand Creek Massacre
-
-Conflict in Colorado Territory.
-Cheyennne leader Black Kettle, and group tired of fighting, making way to Fort Lyon to surrender.
-Camp along Sand Creek.
-700 troops under Colonel John Chivington attack camp.
-Kill 200, most women and children.
-Significance: Prompted raids by Arapahos and Cheyennes. Sioux engange long-standign war against U.S. Army. - General George Armstrong Custer
- Lead batallion of 200 men, and killed at battle of Little Bighorn.
- Wounded Knee Massacre, 1891
-
-South Dakota
-Militant tone added to Wovoka's Christian/Native American proclaimation that white settlers woudl vanish and the buffalo woudl return, the ghost dance. Believed Ghost Shirts could stop bullets.
-Sitting Bull killed during skirmish that broke out after order for his arrest for joining the religion.
-Tensions break at wounded knee creek between the indians led by Sioux leader Big Foot and Ghost Shirt Fighter, red Cloud. Rifle fired. - Chief Joseph
-
-Leader of Nez Percés who led his group away towards canada from Wallowa River Valley, fleding govenrment control.
-Significance: Leader of one of the main (700-800 members) Native American groups to actually surrender. - Helen Hunt Jackson
-
-Troubled by treatment of American indians.
-Wrote influencial book "a Century of Dishonor"
-attacked government for years of broken promises and corrupt dealings with Native Americans. - Sarah Winnemucca
-
-Reformer
-Paiute woman, publicized the plight of American Indians.
-Had served for years as an interpreter at U.S. forts. Briefly taught school on Paiute Reservation.
-Preached Cause before Presedent Rutherford B. Hayes, who granted request - not carried out by bureau's agents.
-"Life Among the Piutes" - Assimilation
-
-Cultural Absorbtion of one group into another.
-Laws forcing Indians to abandon traditional apperances.
-"Kill the indian and save the man"
-Cut off long hair.
-Outlawed Indian Religion
-System of Indian schools
-Speek english only
-Proper Clothing
-American names - Pacific Railway Act
-
-Gave land to railroad companies to develope a transcontinental railroad linking East and West Coasts.
-Significance: One of the three land acts. Encouraged western expansion - Homstead Act
-
Granted a 160-acre homestead, or farm, to any american citizen or prospective citizen willing to live in the Great Plains and cultivate the land for five years.
-One of 3 land acts, encouraged western expansion. - Morrill Act
- Provided land grants to all states to help finance agricultural colleges, which would train young farmers and thus help develope the west.
- Exodusters
-
Black Americans/Freedmen looking for jobs or gold/silver opportunities.
-Trying to get away from Jim Crow Laws
-Racism
-Lack of economic mobility
-one of the main groups settling in west. - Texas longhorn
-
Important cattle usefull for horns and immune to Texas fever.
Significant: Main type of cattle demand existed for. - Open Range
-
-Free grazing land.
-Gov. provided public land to be used in this way.
-Significance: made cattle ranching profitable - Joseph Glidden
- Pattened barbed wire, responsible for open-range ranching's decline.
- Barbed Wire
-
Invented by Jospeh Glidden as a cheap method of fencing
-Limited open grazing and the amount of open land available. - Klondike Gold Rush
-
-Prospectors discover gold in Klondike district of Canada's Yukon Territory, border with Alaska.
-Yukon miners extract gold deposits worth more than a million dollars.
-Significance: 100,000 people traveled through alaska to seek fortunes in the Klondike. Attracted settlers who established fish canneries, lumber companies, and coal and copper mining enterprises. - Alaska Purchase
-
Purchase of Alaska from the russians who needed money and feared a territorial dispute.
-$7,200,000
-Considered worthless
-Started Klondike Gold Rush - William Seward
-
U.S. Secretary of State
0Responsible for the Alaska Purchase - "Sewards Folly" - Why did the U.S. government adopt the reservation policy?
-
-Get native Americans out of Great Plains.
-Promote positive relationsihps. - Dawes Act
-
-Gave 160 acres of free land to Native American Families.
-They would be private land owners instead of having a nomadic lifestyle.
-Failed. - 4 Groups moving west and why
-
Native Americans - pushed out by Whites and US Government - looking for buffalo
Immigrants - pushed out by potatoe Famine and Catholic Discrimination - Pulled out by lack of eastern economic promises, prospect of jobs with railroads
Exodusters - racism and lack of economic mobility - gold/silver and jobs
White Easterners - economic recession - gold/silver/jobs - Why Cattle demand increased
- Population increased: immigrants and improvements in the medical technology.
- Transportation of cattle to eastern and western cities
-
Long Drives: Cattle herded (as many as 3000) by cowboys. Meant to reach railroads
-Taken to missouri, but later kansas because of lack of immunity to texas fever in missouri.
Railhead: Town located along railroad. Brokers bought cattle and shipped them east. - Why cattle boom ended after 20 years
-
Overgrazing
-damaged grasslands
-too many cattle (supply and demand)
Barbed Wire invention
-Cattle couldnt graze wtih territory marked off
Bad Weather
-Severe winter and drought - Description of life in mining communities
-
-Wide range of Backgrounds
-Simple Democracy/law and order
-Camps mostly males, and few women
-Occasionally violence from competition
-Conflict between ethnic groups
-Eventually families move into camps, become permanent communities - Why mining turned into a big business enterprise
- Most easily accessible mineral deposits were eventually worked out. Miners required expensive methods of exposing minerals underneath.