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Terms
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- lithosphere
- the solid, outer layer of earth, that consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle.
- erosion
- a process in which the materials of the earths surface are lossened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity
- fault
- a crack in earth created when rocks on either side of a break move
- rocks can
- change type, as described by the rock cycle
- acid precipitation
- precipitation, such as rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of pollution in the atmosphere.
- deposition
- the process in which material is laid down.
- igneous rocks are formed
- from cooling molten rocks
- the relative age of a rock can be determined
- using the principle of super position. Unless the layers are distributed, the layers on th bottom are the oldest.
- The layers of the earth are
- the crust, mantle and core
- earthquakes occur as a result of
- sudden movement within earth lithosphere
- plates collide at
- convergent boundaries
- volcanoes are formed when
- magma rises and penetrates the surface of the earth
- plates slide past each other at
- transformation fault boundaries
- sedimentary rocks form
- by the deposition of pieces of other rocks and the remains of living organisms
- weathering
- the natural process by which an atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks.
- focus
- the area along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.
- in chemical weathering
- rock is altered as minerals in rock react chemically.
- magma
- liquid rock produced under earth's surface
- igneous rock
- rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies
- plates spread apart at
- divergent boundaries
- p waves are
- longitudinal waves, and they travel the fastest
- plate tectonics
- the theory that explains how the outer parts of earth change through time, and that explains the relationship between continental drift, sea floor spreading, seismic activity, and volcanic activity.
- the earth's outer layer is
- broken into several tectonic plates, which ride on top of the mantles beneath
- vent
- an opening at the surface of earth through which volcanic material passes
- s waves are
- transverse waves, and they travel the slowest
- physical weathering
- breaks down rock by water erosion, ice wedging, wind abrasion, glacial abrasion and other forces
- radio active dating is used to determine
- the absolute age of rocks
- epicenter
- the point on earth's surface directly above an earthquakes focus.
- richter scale
- a scale that expresses the magnitude of an earthquake
- mineral
- a natural, usually inorganic solid, that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.
- three types of volcanoes are
- shield volcanoes, cinder cones and composite volcanoes
- the alignment of iron in ocean rocks
- supports the theory of plate tectonics
- carbonic acid acts as a
- chemical weathering agent and is responsible for the formation of underground limestone caves
- surface waves
- a seismic wave that can move only through solids
- seismology
- the study of earthquakes including thier origin, propagation, energy, and prediction
- water plays an important role in
- shaping earths landscape
- metamorphic rocks
- form after exposure to heat and/or pressure for an extended time
- acid precipitation can
- weather rocks and harm living organisms.
- mantle
- the layer of rock between earth's crust and core.
- subduction
- the process by which one lithospheric plate move beneath the other as a result of tectonic forces
- sedimentary rock
- a rock formed from compressed or cemented layers of sediment.
- core
- the center part of earth below the mantle.
- metamorphic rock
- a rock that forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical process
- crust
- the line and solid outermost layer of earth above the mantle.