Micro for Test 2
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- Catabolism
- energy-generating component
- Autoclaving is ideal for sterilizing
- biohazardous waste, surgical dressings, glassware, many types of microbiologic media, liquids, and many other things. However, certain items, such as plastics and certain medical instruments (e.g. fiber-optic endoscopes), cannot withstand autoclaving and should be sterilized with chemical or gas sterilants.
- 4 most important protein synthesis inhibitors
- tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, the macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) and the aminoglycosides (e.g. streptomycin).
- What drug is active against many strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Gentamicin
- What is used in is the mild heat to reduce the number of microorganisms in a product or food.
- Pasteurization
- anabolism
- an energy-consuming, biosynthetic component
- Acquired resistance is driven by two genetic processes in bacteria:
- 1) mutation and selection (sometimes referred to as vertical evolution); (2) exchange of genes between strains and species (sometimes called horizontal evolution or horizontal gene transmission).
- Incineration: Temp? Effectiveness?
- >500; Vaporizes organic material on nonflammable surfaces but may destroy many substances in the process
- microbicidal agents harmless enough to be applied to the skin and mucous membrane; should not be taken internally
- Antiseptics
- these antibiotics contain a 4-membered beta lactam ring. They are the products of two groups of fungi, Penicillium and Cephalosporium molds, and are correspondingly represented by the penicillins and cephalosporins.
- Beta lactam antibiotics
- How long and at what temp do you boil to kill everything except some endospores. It also inactivates viruses
- 100 degrees for 30 min
- form of ionizing energy, is generally characterized by low penetration and high-dose rates are used for sterilization of items ranging from syringes to cardiothoracic devices.
- Electron beam (e-beam) radiation
- Pasteurization (flash method): Temp?Time?effectiveness?
- 72o/15 seconds;Effect on bacterial cells similar to batch method; for milk, this method is more conducive to industry and has fewer undesirable effects on quality or taste
- is penicillinase-resistant
- Methicillin
- Note increasing T by 10 degrees shortens the sterilizing time by
- 50%
- Conversion from ADP to ATP requires _______and hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases_____
- 8kcal
- mostly all synthetic chemotherapeutic agents. Most are "growth factor analogs", chemicals which are structurally similar to a bacterial growth factor but which do not fulfill its metabolic function in the cell.
- Competitive Inhibitors
- 100o for 30 minutes. Kills everything except some endospores
- Boiling
- A mold produces the main part of the molecule (6-aminopenicillanic acid) which can be modified chemically by the addition of side chains
- Semisynthetic penicillins
- Intermittent boiling: Temp? Effectiveness
- 100 degrees; Three 30-minute intervals of boiling, followed by periods of cooling kills bacterial endospores
- What has a broad spectrum of activity that exerts a bacteriostatic effect. It is effective against intracellular parasites such as the rickettsiae.
- Chloramphenicol
- kills bacteria
- bactericide
- is strictly a matter of Darwinian evolution driven by principles of natural selection: a spontaneous mutation in the bacterial chromosome imparts resistance to a member of the bacterial population
- Vertical evolution
- What feature allows procaryotes to flourish in all habitats suitable for life on earth
- their great variation in modes of energy generation and metabolism
- Ultrapasteurization (direct method): Temp? Time? effectiveness?
- 140o/2 seconds;Effect on most bacterial cells is lethal. For milk, this method creates a product with relatively long shelf life at refrigeration temperatures.
- If effective against a single organism or disease, they are referred to as
- limited spectrum
- Why is an autoclave such an effective sterilizer?
- it operates by using steam under pressure as the sterilizing agent. High pressures enable steam to reach high temperatures, thus increasing its heat content and killing power. Most of the heating power of steam comes from its latent heat of vaporization.
- What is the usual standard temperature/pressure employed in autoclaving
- 121ºC/15 psi for 15 minutes.
- Anaerobic respiration
- respiration that uses substances other than O2 as a final electron acceptor
- disorganize the structure or inhibit the function of bacterial membranes
- Cell membrane inhibitors
- generally inhibit some step in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan
- Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- is a chemical sometimes added to a semisynthetic penicillin preparation; is not an antimicrobial agent. It inhibits beta lactamase enzymes and has given extended life to penicillinase-sensitive beta lactams.
- Clavulanic acid
- According to Todar what does "Control of microbial growth" imply
- to inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms
- T/F There are no degrees of sterilization: an object or substance is either sterile or not.
- true
- Two classes of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors which have selective activity against procaryotes and some medical utility are
- quinolones and rifamycins
- products of Streptomyces species that exert their activity by binding to bacterial ribosomes and preventing the initiation of protein synthesis
- aminoglycosides
- This leads to the generation of free radicals and other chemical species, which destroy organisms used as an alternative to ethylene oxide. It uses a small amount of liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
- Low Temperature Gas Plasma (LTGP)
- are produced by fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum. They are effective against streptococcus, gonococcus and staphylococcus, except where resistance has developed. They are considered narrow spectrum since they are not effective against Gram-negative rods.
- Natural penicillins
- semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin that is active against Gram-positive bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and some Gram-negative bacteria
- Rifampicin
- Unique fermentations
- proceeding through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway
- therapeutically useful antibiotics owe their action to inhibition of some step in the complex process of translation called
- Protein synthesis inhibitors
- Who discovered powerful bactericidal substance penicillin
- Fleming
- During catabolism usefule energy is temporarily conserved in the high energy bond of
- ATP
- The range of bacteria or other microorganisms that are affected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its
- spectrum of action
- UV lights used to sterilize the surface of objects usually destroys or distorts nucleic acids
- Irradiation
- involves the physical removal (exclusion) of all cells in a liquid or gas. It is especially important for sterilization of solutions which would be denatured by heat (e.g. antibiotics, injectable drugs, amino acids, vitamins, etc.).
- Filtration
- refers to the complete destruction or elimination of all viable organisms in or on a substance being sterilized
- sterilization
- What is the type of drug: eight related antibiotics which are all natural products of Streptomyces broad-spectrum antibiotics with a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
- tetracyclines
- How do you kill endospores
- sterilize the endospores, more than 6 hours of intermittent boiling
- Antibiotics effective against procaryotes which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are said to be
- broad spectrum
- most commonly used form of chemical sterilization. Due to its low boiling point of 10.4ºC at atmospheric pressure
- Ethylene oxide (ETO)
- The time required to kill a known population of microorganisms in a specific suspension at a particular temperature is referred to as
- thermal death time (TDT)
- Who demonstrated that invisible microbes caused disease
- Louis Pasteur
- Dry heat (hot air oven) 170o/1 hour: effectiveness?
- Good for glassware, metal, not plastic or rubber items;
- Photoheterotrophy
- use of organic compounds as a carbon source during bacterial photosynthesis
- What is the therapeutic use of lytic bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections
- Phage Therapy
- refers to killing bacteria
- bactericidal
- Boiling: Temp? Effectiveness?
- 100 degrees; 30 minutes of boiling kills microbial pathogens and vegetative forms of bacteria but may not kill bacterial endospores
- burns organisms and physically destroys them. Used for needles, inoculating wires, glassware, etc. and objects not destroyed in the incineration process
- incineration
- highly effective in killing microorganisms and do not leave residues or have sufficient energy to impart radioactivity
- Gamma Radiation
- The only antibacterial antibiotic of clinical importance that acts by cell membrane inhibitor mechanism is
- Polymyxin
- antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
- Antibiotics
- No matter what form of energy a cell uses as its primary source, the energy is ultimately transformed and conserved as?
- ATP
- Autoclave and pressure cooker (steam under pressure): Temp? Time? Effectiveness?
- 121o/15 minutes;kills all forms of life including bacterial endospores. The substance being sterilized must be maintained at the effective T for the full time
- Methanogenesis
- an ancient type of archaean metabolism that uses H2 as an energy source and produces methane
- antimicrobial agents of synthetic origin useful in the treatment of microbial or viral disease
- Chemotherapeutic agents (synthetic antibiotics)
- True or False: When proper conditions and time are employed, no living organisms will survive a trip through an autoclave
- True
- The most important property of a clinically-useful antimicrobial agent, especially from the patient's point of view, is its
- selective toxicity, i.e., the agent acts in some way that inhibits or kills bacterial pathogens but has little or no toxic effect on the animal taking the drug
- Agents which kill cells are called
- cidal agents
- How long is milk normally pasteurized and at what temp?
- 63°C for 30 minutes (batch method) or at 71°C for 15 seconds (flash method),
- Another coenzyme commonly involved in energy-producing metabolism, derived from the vitamin niacin, is the pyridine nucleotide____
- NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide).
- what are the usual cause of food spoilage in refrigerated foods? Why?
- Low temperatures are not bactericidal. Psychrotrophs, rather than true psychrophiles,refridgeration or freezing only allows them to thrive
- Anoxygenic photosynthesis
- photophosphorylation in the absence of O2
- What drug has been used extensively as a primary drug in the treatment of tuberculosis
- Streptomycin
- who applied Pasteur's germ theory of disease to surgery, thus founding modern antiseptic surgery.
- Joseph Lister
- What 2 ways do they use to control microbial growth
- 1) by killing microorganisms or (2) by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms
- Dry heat (hot air oven); 160o/2 hours: effectiveness?
- For materials that must remain dry and which are not destroyed at T between 121o and 170o Good for glassware, metal, not plastic or rubber items
- most important and widely used method of sterilization
- heat
- For the purpose of purifying water how long and at what temp do you boil
- 100 degrees for 5 min
- family of antibiotics whose structures contain large lactone rings linked through glycoside bonds with amino sugars. The most important members of the group are erythromycin and azithromycin
- Macrolides
- agents that kill microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores, but are not safe for application to living tissues; they are used on inanimate objects such as tables, floors, utensils, etc
- Disinfectants
- can be used with a wide range of plastics (e.g. petri dishes, pipettes, syringes, medical devices, etc.) and other materials without affecting their integrity.
- Ethylene oxide (ETO)
- Lithotrophy
- use of inorganic substances as sources of energy
- used as a disinfectant for water and food
- Ozone sterilization
- What are the 3 most useful sulfonamides are
- sulfanilamide, Gantrisin and Trimethoprim
- refers to inhibiting the growth of bacterial cells
- bacteriostatic
- Who discovered synthetic chemicals (sulfonamides) with broad antimicrobial activity
- Domagk
- basically the cooking oven used for glassware, metal, and objects that won't melt
- dry heat (hot air oven)
- Three additional synthetic chemotherapeutic agents have been used in the treatment of tuberculosis
- isoniazid (INH), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), and ethambutol.
- If effective mainly against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, they are
- narrow spectrum
- are beta lactam antibiotics with a similar mode of action to penicillins that are produced by species of Cephalosporium. The have a low toxicity and a somewhat broader spectrum than natural penicillins. They are often used as penicillin substitutes, against Gram-negative bacteria, and in surgical prophylaxis
- cephalolsporins
- agents which inhibit the growth of cells (without killing them) are referred to as
- static agents
- metabolism
- refers to the sum of the biochemical reactions required for energy generation AND the use of energy to synthesize cell material from small molecules in the environment
- broad-spectrum agents that rapidly kill bacteria and are well absorbed after oral administration. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin belong to this group. They act by inhibiting the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing the normal functioning of DNA.
- Quinolones
- Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics
- Acquired Resistance
- Light-driven nonphotosynthetic photophosphorylation
- unique archaean metabolism that converts light energy into chemical energy
- Pasteurization (batch method): Temp? Time? effectiveness?
- 63o/30 minutes;kills most vegetative bacterial cells including pathogens such as streptococci, staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- What is the most effective and most efficient means of sterilization
- autoclaving
- three ways to fix CO2, two of which are unknown among eucaryotes
- CODH (acetyl CoA pathway) and the reverse TCA cycle.
- kills fungi
- fungicide
- static agents used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, most often in foods. If eaten they should be nontoxic
- Preservatives
- What drug is active at low concentrations against many Gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant staphylococci
- Kanamycin
- What 2 drugs are mainstays for treatment of Pseudomonas infections
- Gentamicin and Tobramycin
- Other fermentation pathways
- the phosphoketolase (heterolactic) and Entner-Doudoroff pathways
- What happens if you increase the temp on an autoclave
- you decrease TDT
- polypeptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus species. It prevents cell wall growth by inhibiting the release of the muropeptide subunits of peptidoglycan from the lipid carrier molecule that carries the subunit to the outside of the membrane
- Bacitracin
- What do you call chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth microorganisms.
- Antimicrobial agents
- In autoclaving which is preferred: Processes conducted at high temperatures for short periods of time or lower temperatures for longer times.
- high temperatures for short periods of time
- What 2 variables are used when talking about autoclaving
- time & temp
- During the process of ultrapasteurization, also known as ultra high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization, milk is heated to temperatures of?
- 140 °C
- what is called when bacteria may be inherently resistant to an antibiotic
- Inherent (Natural) Resistance