Geology Ch 2
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- discordant pluton has boundaries that
- cut across the layering of the country rock
- sedimentary rocks are generally classified as
- detrital or chemical
- nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are
- marble, quartzite, greenstone, and hornfels
- atoms are characterized by
- their atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus) and their atomic mass number (the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus)
- most igneous rocks are classified on the basis of their
- texture and composition
- the process whereby dissolved mineral matter precipitates in the pore spaces of sediment and binds it together is
- cementation
- metamorphic rocks result from
- the transformation of other rocks, usually beneath the surface, as a consequence os heat, pressure, or fluid activity or a combonation of these
- of the more than 3,500 known minerals, most are
- silicates
- all matter is composed of
- chemical elements, each of which consists of atoms
- which of the following is detrital sediment?
- quartz sand
- an example of a common nonferromagnesian silicate is
- quartz
- foliated metamorphic rocks include
- slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss
- the basic building block of silcate minerals is
- silica tetrahedron
- what is a crystalline solid?
- a solid in which the constituent atoms are arranged in a regular, three-dimensional framework
- dolostone is formed by the addition of (blank) to calcite in limestone
- magnesium
- volcanic rocks can usually be distinguished from plutonic rocks by
- the size of their mineral grains
- in foliated texture, platy minerals have a
- preferred orientation
- what happens if atoms of different elements are bonded?
- they form compounds
- which of the following metamorphic rocks displays a foliated texture
- schist
- all minerals are
- cystalline solids, meaning that they possess an orderly internal arrangement of atoms
- evaporites form by
- inorganic chemical precipitation of minerals from solutions that become saturated as a result of evaportaion
- regional metamorphism
- metamorphism that occures over a large area and is usually the result of tremebdous temperature, pressures, and deformation within the deeper parts of the Earth's crust
- the two major types of metamorphism are
- contact and regional
- what is a silicate mineral?
- minerals containing silica (a combination of silicon and oygen), include about one-third of all known minerals and make up about 95% of the Earth's crust
- the basic building block of all silicate minerals is the
- silica tetrahedron
- plutons are
- igneous bodies that formed from magma that cooled and crystallized within the Earth's crust
- agents of metamorphism
- heat and lithostatic pressure
- compare ionic bonding with covalent bonding
- an ionic bond results from the attraction of positively and negatively charged ions; covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
- detrital sedimentary rocks consist of
- solid particles derived from preexisting rocks. they include conglomerate/sedimentary breccia, sandstone, and various mudrocks
- a chemical element is a substance made up of atoms, all of which have the same
- number of protons
- detrtital sedimentary rocks have a (blank) texture
- clastic
- which of the following pair of igneous rocks have the same mineral comparison?
- basalt-gabbro
- concordant pluton has boundaries that
- are parallel to the layering in the counrty rock
- the most common cements are
- silica (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), but iron oxide and iron hydroxide cements are important in some rocks
- what are the two major kinds of igneous rocks, and how do they differ?
- 1) volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks, which form when magma extruded onto the Earth's surface cools and crystallizes or when puroclastic materials become consolidated and 2) plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks, which crystallize from magma intruded into or formed in place with the Earth's crust
- ferromagnesian silicates contain
- iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)
- mixed rocks with the characteristics of both igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks are
- migmatites
- an example of a concordant pluton having a tabular or sheetlike geometry is a
- sill
- foliated textures are caused when rocks are subjected to
- differential pressure, pressure applied to two sides
- the atomic number of an element is determined by the
- number of protons in its nucleus
- detrital sediment consists of
- mechanically weathered solid particles
- the metamorphic rock formed from limestone is
- marble
- magmas are characterized as
- mafic (45-52% silica), intermediate (52-65% silica), and felsic (>65% silica)
- nonferromagnesian silicates lack
- iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)
- natural glass forms from
- rapidly cooling lava in which constituent atoms do not have time to become arranged in the ordered, three-dimensional frameworkds typical of minerals
- evaporites include
- rock salt and rock gypsum
- contact metamorphism
- metamorphism in which a magma body alters the adjacent country rock
- two groups of igneous rocks are recognized:
- extrusive and intrusive. extrusive igneous rocks (volcanic) include rhyolite, andesite, and basalt, all of which are aphantic, and tuff; and intrusive igneous rocks (plutonic) such as granite, diorite, and gabbro, which are phaneritic
- individual atoms consist of
- a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, and electrons that circle the nucleus in electron shells
- what is bonding?
- the process whereby atoms are joined to other atoms
- what is regional metamorphism
- metamorphism that occurs over a large area and is usually the result of tremendous temperatures, pressures, and deformations within the deeper parts of the Earth's crust
- how do the two supergroups of silicate mineral differ from one another?
- ferromagnesian silicates and nonferromagnesian silicates differ in that ferromagnesian silicates contain iron and magnesium and nonferromagnesian silicates do not
- in addition to silicates, several other mineral grous are recognized, including
- carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, and halides
- what type of metamorphism occurs over a large area and is usually the result of tremendous temperatures, pressures, and deformation within the deeper portions of the crust
- regional metamorphism
- most chemical sedimentary rocks have a (blank) texture, and a few, such as limestones, have (blank) texture
- cystalline, clastic
- minerals are solids possessing an orderly internal
- crystalline
- most limestones have a large component of calcite that was extracted from seawater by
- organisms
- in which type of metamorphism are magmatic heat and fluids most important in causing change
- contact
- what type of magnatixm takes place when a body of magma alters the surrounding country rock
- contact metamorphism
- an igneous rock possessing mineral grains large enough to be seen without magnification is said to have a
- phaneritic texture
- pressure exerted equally in all directions on an object is
- lithostatic
- chemical sedimentary rocks are derived from
- ions in solution by organisms or organic chemical processes. they include various types of limestone, dolostone, evaporites, chert, and coal
- what are the most common bonds in minerals?
- ionic and convalent bonds
- the composition of igneous rocks is determined largely by
- the composition of the parent magma
- two types of metamorphism are
- contact and regional
- what are the processes of sediment lithification in which sediment is converted into sedimentary rock
- compaction and cementation
- clastic texture consists of
- broken particles of preexisting rocks or organic structures such as shells
- lithostatic pressure contributes to metamorphism by
- packing minerals grains within a rock more closely and causing the minerals to recrystallize, that is, form smaller and denser minerals that may or may not retain the chemical composition of the original minerals
- chemical sediment consists of
- minerals extracted from solution by inorganic chemical processes or by the activities of organisms
- crystalline texture consists of
- an interlocking mosaic of mineral crystals
- in which type of bonding do adjacent atoms share electrons?
- covalent
- in a foliated texture, platy (flat) minerals have a
- preferred orientation
- a nonfoliated texture does not exhibit
- any discernible preferred orientation of the mineral grains
- various types of plutons are identified by their
- geometry and whether they are concordant or discordant
- metamorphic rocks are classified primarily according to
- thier texture
- heat contributes to metamorphism by
- increasing the rate of chemical reactions that may produce mineral assemblages different from those in the parent rock