Biology 1109 Final

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chitin: fungi cell walls are made of
mesentary: tissue lining coelom, suspending organs
coleochaete: earliest plant ancestor, grows on edges of lakes
seedless and seeded: two branches of vascular plants (420 mya)
Wallace (Alfred Russell): developed theory of evolution independent of Darwin
clumped dispersion: pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches (most common dispersion pattern in nature, often results from unequal distribution of resources)
carrying capacity: what is K in the logistic growth equation
vertebral column: what distinguishes vertebrates?
II: which population curve represents squirrels
bottleneck effect: event that drastically reduces population size (earthquakes, floods, fires)
automatic movement directed toward or away from some stimulus (stream fish automatically facing upstream): taxis
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm: what are the three skin layers of animals?
animal relates stimulus/response to reward or punishment: associative learning
hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown: what are the three postzygotic barriers
400,000 ago: about when did hominids develop fire?
differing habitats: habitat isolation
flies: instead of hindwings, have small, club-shaped organs called halteres, which function in maintaining balance during flight
allopatric speciation: speciation w/ geographic separation
gametes die before uniting or fail to unite: gametic isolation
4 billion: global population in 1975
courtship ritual: confirms that individuals are of same species, opposite sex, physically primed for mating, and not threats to each other
endosymbiosis: How did mitochondria/ Chloroplasts evolve?
2 mya: about when did hominids develop stone tools
female flower part: carpel
no true tissues (porifera), true tissues (eumetazoans), radial/bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes/protostomes: in order, name the branches of animals
random movement in response to stimulus (sow bugs increasing movement when in dry land): kinesis
asco/ sac fungi: yeast, cup, morels, many plant pathogens, lichens
tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, taiga, tundra: name the seven biomes
two haploid mycelia fuse: sexual reproduction of fungi
100,000 ago: about when did language develop
westward (westerlies): from 30 degrees N & S to arctic/antarctic circles, wind travels
tissue filled region: mesoderm
200,000 ago: about when did hominids begin constructing shelters
glomeromycetes/ mycorrhizal fungi: symbiotic mychorhizea
475 million: how many years ago did plants first evolve?
coelom: hollow space lined by tissue layer
estuary: area where freshwater stream or river merges with ocean
digestive tract: endoderm
grasshoppers: of all types of insects, which kind does not undergo complete metamorphosis
suspension-feeding worms, clams, and predatory crustaceans: what organisms characterize the sandy intertidal zone?
batesian mimicry: when a palatable species resembles an unpalatable one
lake: nutrients from detritivores and oxygen get trapped at the bottom of this during summer
>25: How many kingdoms of Prokaryotes are there?
founder effect: colonization of new location by small number of individuals
ployps (hydra, anemone) and medusae (jellies): two forms of cniderians
stabilizing, directional, disruptive: what are the three selection curves:
542 mya - 15 mil after: when is cambrian explosion
575 mya (precambrian): when do first animal fossils appear
grasshoppers katydids, crickets (orthoptera); beetles (coleoptera); moths and butterflies (lepidoptera); flies and mosquitoes (diptera), ants, bees, and wasps (hymenoptera): what are five groups of insects
77,000 ago: about when did art develop?
sea stars, sea urchins, (sand dollars): what are two echinoderms
reproductive organs do not work: mechanical isolation
mycelium: what are hyphae made of
leaves at base of flower (usually green): sepals
uniform dispersion: often results from interactions among individuals, such as territorial behavior and competition for water
ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans: three types of alveolates
50,000: about when did humans migrate from Africa?
86%: what percent of the world's resources do the top 20% of humans use?
additive effects of two or more genes on single phenotypic characteristic: polygenetic inheritance
III: which population curve represents clams
intertidal, pelagic (open ocean), benthic (sea floor), photic, aphotic: what are the five oceanic zones?
homo floresienssis, 18,000 ya: what are the hobbits in Indonesia called and how long ago did they live
cancer in body tissue: what is sarcoma
chytrid: protistan-like, earliest lineage of fungi, common in lakes, pond
temperate zone: 23.5 N or S to arctic/ antarctic circles
crossing over, independent variation, allelic variation, genetic mutation, chromosomal: List five sources of diversity:
genes that influenc emultiple characteristics: pleiotrophy
less surface area (thicker cuticle): why do conifers have pine needles?
homo erectus (1.8 mya): what is the first hominid to leave africa?
fixed action patterns: unchangeable behavioral sequences
sympatric speciation: speciation w/ no geographic separation
when nuclei of fused fungi have not yet mixed: heterokaryotic stage
chytrid, zygo, glomero, sac fungi (asco), club fungi (basido): five types of fungi
true: true or false: 250,000 of 290,000 plant species are angiosperms
cognitive mapping: gray whale uses coast to make trip from Alaska to Baja California, birds navigate by stars,
eastward: from 30 degrees N & S to the equator, the wind travels
stinging cell on Cnideria that unravel a fine thread (often poisonous): what is a cnidocyte
120: how many starlings, numbering 100 million in less than a century, were released in central park in 1890
doldrums: high temperatures in tropics evaporate water from earth's surface, creating an area of calm of very light winds know as _______
body covering: ectoderm
tightly packed mycelium: what are mushrooms made of
mating or flowering occurs at different seasons or times of day: temporal isolation
failure to produce functional gametes: hybrid sterility
true: true or false: most animals are diploid except for haploid sperm/egg cells?
pollen grains meet with egg in ovulate cone, form seed: explain gymnosperm reproduction
I: which population curve represents humans
4 mya: about when did hominids adapt bipedalism?
mullerian mimicry: when two unpalatable species look like each other
secondary sex characteristics evolved through intrasexual selection or intersexual selection: sexual dimorphism
arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods, and insects: what are the four groups of arthropods
stigma (sticky tip), style (stalk), and ovary: three parts of carpel
200,000--30,000-40,000 ago: about when did Neanderthals live in Europe and when did they go extinct
<5000: How many known species of Prokaryotes are there?
true: true or false: multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes
male flower part: stamen
gymnosperms and angiosperms (140 mya): two branches of seeded plants (360 mya)
diplomonades, euglenozoans, alveolates, stramenopiles, diotoms, brown algae, amoebazoan, red algae, green algae: name eight branches of protists
water evaporation from plants (through stomata): define transpiration
agonistic behavior: because violent combat may injure victor as well as vanquished in way that reduces reproductive fitness, natural selection favors ritualized contests. This is associated with the term
unchangeable behavioral sequences: fixed action patterns
hyphae: threadlike filaments that branch out from fungi for feeding
tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, taiga, tundra: what are the eight major bioms?
no sexual attraction between different species: behavioral isolation:
sedentary organisms that stick to rocks (algae, barnacles, mussles): what organisms characterize the rocky intertidal zone?
genetic mutation: changes in nucleotide sequence that create new alleles and is rarely beneficial to adaptation
7000/5000: about when did music/writing develop?
learning that is irreversible and limited to sensitive time period in animals life: imprinting
millipedes, centipedes: what are the two groups of myriapods?
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods: what are the three groups of mollusks?
5-7 mya: about when did hominids diverge from chimpanzees and bonobos?
2 billion: global population in 1930
process by which bacteria share genes (even between species): fission
Lamarck (Jean Baptist): believed organisms evolve through inherited traits
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase: four phases of mitotic/ meiotic division
1 billion: global population in 1850
offspring of hybrid weak or infertile: hybrid breakdown
>1,400,000: How many known species are there of Eucaryotes?
filament (strand) anther (pollen ball): two parts of stamen
gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees, bonobos: what are the main branches of hominoids in order? (not including humans)
photosynthetic prokaryotes: how did oxygen enter atmosphere?
360-299 mya (Carboniferous period, giant lycophyte trees and fern trees, created peat forests, may have contributed to global cooling): period for seedless plants
cancers in external or internal coverings of body (skin/ intestine lining): what is carcinoma
if they do not affect organism until after reproduction (alzeimers): how do dominant alleles escape evolutionary elimination?
prehensile tail (all new world monkeys arboreal): what main characteristic do new world monkeys have that old world monkeys don't?
Cuvier (Georges): proposed catastrophisism, that the bible represents only of many cycles in creation and catastrophy
cancers in blood: what is leukemia/lymphoma
Protista, Fungi, Plantea, Animalia: What are the kingdoms of Eucaryotes
decreased (increased pair bonding, decreased intrasexual speciation): in early homo, sexual dimorphism increased or decreased?
continental shelves: submerged parts of continents
populations grow beyond carrying capacity if unchecked, must be massive mortality, similarities/ differences heritable, some more likely to survive than others: four main elements of Darwin-Wallace theory
nonvascular plants/bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, mosses), vascular plants, seedless plants (lycophytes and pterophytes), and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms): in order, name the branches of plants
500 million: global population in 1650
beetles (coleoptera): largest order in animal kingdom, 350,000 species
club mosses and ferns: two branches of seedless plants
dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord (flexible, supportive longitudinal rod located between digestive tract and nerve cord), pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail: four characteristics of chordates
meiosis mistakenly creates 2n gametes in sterile hybrid; hybrid self-fertilizes and produces new species w/ double the chromosomes: how do plants exhibit sympatric speciation to advance species?
chordates, craniates, vertebrates, jawed vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes: give the order of deuterostomes
roundworms: who has pseudocoelom?
lycophytes: what are club mosses?
basidio/ club fungi: mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
zygomycete: mostly molds, ball at top of stalk
genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect, mutation: four main means of genetic variation:
G=rN(K-N)/K (G=growth, r= intrinsic rate of increase, N=original size, K=carrying capacity): logistic growth equation
fossils, homologous (vestigial) features, comparative embryology, DNA sequencing: four main pieces of evidence for evolution:
diplomonades: most ancient, anaerobic, Giardia
after releasing moisture, air from tropics is try and absorbs moisture in regions N & S (and rain shadows): how do deserts form?
Mezozoic Era, 250 mya (food for herbivorous dinosaurs: period of gymnosperms
natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (heterozygote advantage in SS anemia): balancing selection
15,000: about when did humans enter New World
failure to reach sexual maturity: hybrid inviability
organisms have one allele per parent: law of segregation
nematodes: among most numerous of all animals in species and individuals, live everywhere there is rotting material
liverworts, horworts, mosses: bryophyte groups
pterophytes: what are ferns?
same: are sperm and egg held on a separate gametophyte structure or the same?
true: fern requires layer of water to pass sperm to eggs
temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, gametic,: what are the five prezygotic barriers
to protect from UV-induced loss of folate (not skin cancer): why was dark skin favored in places closer to equator?
highly motile animals like fish, cephalopods, mammals, and plankton (zooplankton and photoplankton): what organisms characterize the pelagic zone?
intrinsic rate of increase (organism's maximum reproductive rate): what is r in the logistic growth equation
23.5 N or S to arctic/ antarctic circles: what is the temperate zone?
pseudocoelom: space between mesoderm and endoderm
chromosomal mutation: large scale deletion, disruption, or rearrangement of many gene loci at once, extremely rare to be positive
earthworm, polychaete, leech: three groups of annelids
membrane infolding: How did most eucaryotic structures evolve?
cniderians (hydra, anemone, jellies, corals): defined by radial symmetry
survival/reproduction of any one morph declines if phenotypic form becomes too common in population (search image): frequency-dependent selection
must obtain chemicals from soil and air, support its weight, maintain moisture, reproduce on land: plant adaptations from algae
2.4 mya: about when did hominids adapt larger brains?
water, CO2, nitrogen, and phosphorus: what are the four most essential abiotic components to life?
spatial learning (wasp): uses landmarks to orient in environment; more advanced than kinesis or taxis
platyhelmates, nematoda, annelida, moluska, athropoda: what are the five groups of protostomes
porifera: defined by having no true tissues

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