Science Exam 1st semester

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Crushed shells: limestone
5 potential disasters of volcanoes: lava flow, tidal wave, mud slide, land slide, deadly gases
Where is the point directly above the focus?: the epicenter
The study of the earth's crust is called what?: geology
Name the rock that is formed: extrusive, cooled very quickly, no crystals: obsidian
Kiluaea is what kind of volcano?: shield cone
Violent eruption in 1980, composite cone, in Washington State: Mt. St. Helens
Names the least deadliest earthquake waves?: P waves
Hot molten rock inside the earth: magma
Erupted in 1943 in cornfield, cinder cone, located in Mexico: Paricutin
Identify halite by color: colorless
When you go deeper in the earth, does the temperature rise or fall?: rises
Where was "The Big One": San Francisco
Has been continuously erupting for many years, shield cone, Hawaii: Kilauea
This used to be shale: slate
This used to be limeston: marble
Igneous rocks are formed from what?: magma and lava
A penny had a hardness of what number?: 3
This type of igneous rock is formed inside the earth from magma: Intrusive
A huge mass of magma that cools under the earth's surface to form rock: batholith
Which kind of fossil formed when minerals changed the hard parts of an organism into stone?: petrification
What is it called when loose bits of rock, sand & soil are carried away?: erosion
What is it called when one plate slips past another?: transform
5 Effects of earthquakes: avalanches, shaking, tsunamis, rescue work to remove trapped victims, fires
What are two things that are produced whent he pieces of the earth's crust move?: volcanoes and earthquakes
How many earthquakes have occurred in the connected United States in the last 250 years?: 26
Glass has a hardness of what number?: 5
Crumbled shells: coquina
What happens when too much debris & ash from a volcano get up into the atmosphere?: Global cooling
What comes out of a shield cone volcano?: a liquid lava
About how old is the earth: 4.5 billion years old
4 factors that can affect how much damage an earthquake does: population, time of day, kind of rock and soil in the area, kind of buildings in the area
What are the deadliest things an earthquake can cause?: Tsunamis, avalanches, landslides, fires
Most destructive seismic waves are: L waves
6 ways rocks and minerals are weathered: water, wind, heat, plants, ice, gravity
A huge crack that runs through most of CA that separates the North American and Pacific plates: San Andreas fault
When a volcano erupts violently, sometimes it forms what?: a caldera
What is it called when one plate moves into another plate?: convergent
What is it called when hot molten rock from inside the earth escapes and erupts?: volcano
How is igneous rock formed?: from intense heat
Name the rock that is formed: intrusive, cooled slowly, large crystals: granite
What are the two separate parts of the core?: The outer core and the inner core
Which kind of fossil formed when minerals slowly moved into the space left when an organism decayed?: cast fossil
Name the 3 types of faults: normal fault, reverse fault and strike-slip fault
When a mass of magma pushes up the earth's surface and cools forming a dome: laccolith
The word igneous means what?: fire
How a mineral shatters unevenly: fracture
What comes out of a cinder cone volcano?: cinders, ash and a sticky lava
What is the lithosphere?: layer of solid rock
What is is called when one plate moves away from another plate?: divergent
Paricutin is what kind of volcano?: cinder cone
Hot molten rock outside the earth: lava
Which kind of fossil consists of a hollowed space in the shape of an organism?: Mold fossil
The 10 plates are:: NA plate, SA plate, Nazca plate, Cocos plate, Pacific plate, Australian plate, Eurasian plate, African plate, Arabian plate, Somalian plate, Antartic plate, Scotia plate
A large circular depression within a volcano's summit is called: a caldera
Rocks & pebbles: conglomerate
Hardness of gypsum: 2
Mountain formed from colled lava, ashes, cinders and rock: cone
The point at which an earthquake begins is the: epicenter
A type of rock changed by heat and pressure?: metamorphic
Your fingernail has a hardness of what number?: 2.5
Are volcanoes formed by hot spots near each other or far away from each other?: They are near each other
Erupted in prehistoric time, composite cone, described as "Volcano within a Volcano", Oregon: Crater Lake
This used to be granite: gneiss
Name the rock that is formed: extrusive, cooled when lave had air and gas bubbles: scoria and pumice
Name the rock that is formed: extrusive, cooled quickly, small crystals: basalt
They identify how old a fossil is by: how deep it is and what layer of earth it is in
What are changes to the earth called that alter the shape of the land?: weathering, done by water and plant growth
Rocks move along a break called a: fault
Where did the astroid theory come from?: A big crater was found in Mexico full of iridium, which is rare on earth, but common in asteroids. The debris from the asteroid went into the atmosphere and caused an ice age, killing plants and herbivores, causing death.
What comes out of composite cone volcano?: sometimes a sticky lava and sometimes lava, cinders, ash and debris
A scientist that studies rocks and fossils: paleontologist
Shield or lava cone is made of: fluid lava
Composite or strato cone is made of: rock, ash, cinder and lava in layers
A type of rock made from hardened magma or lava is called what?: igneous
An orderly arrangement of atoms is called a __________________?: crystal
The way a mineral shines or does not shine is called what?: luster
Small particles that settle to the bottom of water in layers is called?: sediment
What are 2 types of cleavage we have studied?: cubis and basal
What is the hardest mineral of all?: diamond
Who came up with the theory of drifting continents?: Alfred Wegener
A super continent that existed over 200 million years ago: Pangaea
Decayed plants and animals: Coal
Mt. St. Helens is what kind of volcano?: composite cone
The inner core of the earth may have temperatures reaching how high?: 5500 degrees celsius
What are lichens?: plants that grow on rock
A solid, inorganic substance found naturally in the earth is called what?: a mineral
In order for crystals to form, there must be enough: time and space
What is a type of rock found in layers made from particles cemented together?: sedimentary
Hardness of quartz: 7
If a rock cools slowly, what size are its crystals?: big
Waves of energy that are released during an earthquake: seismic waves
Where does an earthquake begin?: focus
Haardness of calcite: 3
This used to be sandstone: quartzite
The main shock of an earthquake may be followed by an: aftershock
How can engineers make houses stronger?: Rubber pillars that can withstand extreme shaking
MOst tsunamis are caused by ________________on the ocean floor: earthquakes
Scientists believe the earth used to be one large continent, but over time broke apart into 7 continents. What do they call this process of breaking apart?: continental drift
Rivers of ice, known as _____________, can dig up & carry away large amounts of rock.: glaciers
Two minerals that have a cleavage are:: pyrite and halite
A verticle igneous formation formed from colled magma: dike
3 good things we get from volcanoes?: more rocks, fertile soil, more land
The strength of an earthquake is called its: magnitude
What are three types of luster we have studied?: metalic, earthy, glassy
Scients believe continents & ocean floor rest on huge blocks of rock. This theory is called what?: plate tectonics
Steel has a hardness of what number?: 6
Which kind of fossil consists of an insect that became stuck in tree resin?: amber
Color streak of pyrite: black
Cinder cone is made of: rock, ash, cinders
Beneath the crust is the largest part of the earth. What is it called?: The mantle
Three types of volcanic cones: shield or lava cone, cinder cone, composite or strato cone
The underground point of origin of an earthquake where the rocks break and move: focus
A horizontal igneous formation formed from colled magma: sill
Erupted 1991, composite cone, located in the "Ring of Fire" in the Phillipines: Pinatubo
The five types of fossils: mold, cast, intact, imprint, petrified
Hardness of talc: 1
Mud or clay: shale
What are two other ways that some minerals may be identified?: smell, taste
What is the top layer of our earth?: The crust
What cities did Mr. Vesuvius destroy?: Pompeii and Herculaneum
How many earthquakes have occurred in CA in the last 250 years?: 11
How heavy or light a mineral is called it ________________?: weight
What is a result of global cooling from volcanoes?: Beautiful sunsets
How easily a mineral can be scratched is called what?: hardness
Name the 2nd deadliest earthquake waves?: S waves
How do plates move?: Convection currents coming from the mantle moving the crust
Hardness of galena: 2.5
Hardness of flourite: 4
color streak of galena: black
What was the Richter Scale reading of "The Big One": 8.3
Earthquake waves are recorded by a: seismograph
What are 3 requirements of a mineral?: solid, inorganic, found naturally from earth
Identify sulfur by color: lime yellow
Sand: sandstone
A solid, inorganic substance found naturally in the earth made of two or more minerals is called what?: a rock
Name the deadliest wave that comes from an earthquake?: L waves
Name two types of igneous rocks?: Intrusive & Extrusive
Vibration of Earth caused by sudden release of energy stored in the crust: earthquake
The opening of a volcano where lava comes out: crater
A dull, black rock with small crystals: basalt
The Richter scale measures the ___________________of an earthquake: magnitude
Identify galena by color: black silver
Color streak of flourite: white
This type of igneous rock is formed outside the earth from lava: Extrusive

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Number of cards 145