Cognition Part II
Terms
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- Repression
- Unconscious forgetting
- Confabulation
- Filling in gaps in memory by combining and substituting memories from other events
- Misinformation effect
- Incorporating misleading info in to our memory of an event
- Misattribution Error
- Forgetting what happened or distorting a memory
- Metacognition
- Thinking about how we think
- Algorithm
- Problem-solving strategy that involves a slow, step-step procedure
- Heuristics
- Mental shortcuts to solve most problems
- Insight
- Sudden realization of the solution to a problem
- Trial & Error
- Trying solutions and discarding ones that don’t work
- Inductive Reasoning
- Involves reasoning from the specific to the general, forming concepts
- Deductive Reasoning
- Involves reasoning from the general to the specific
- Fixation
- Inability to look at a problem from a fresh perspective, using a prior strategy
- Mental Set
- Tendency to approach a problem in the same way that was successful before
- Functional Fixedness
- Failure to use an object in an unusual way
- Availability heuristic
- Estimating the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind
- Representative Heuristic
- Mental shortcut by which a new situation is judged by how well it matches a stereotypical model
- Framing
- Refers to the way a problem is set up
- Anchoring Effect
- Tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point
- Confirmation Bias
- Tendency to search for and use info that supports our preconceptions
- Belief Perseverance
- Tendency to hold on to a belief after the basis is discredited
- Belief Bias
- Tendency for our preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
- Hindsight Bias
- Tendency to falsely report that you correctly predicted the outcome of an event
- Over-confidence bias
- Tendency to underestimate the extent to which our judgments are erroneous
- Creativity
- Ability to think about a problem or idea in new and unusual ways
- Convergent thinkers
- Use problem solving strategies directed toward one correct solution
- Divergent thinkers
- Produce many answers to the same question
- Brainstorm
- Generating lots of idea without evaluating
- Language
- Flexible system of spoken, written or signed symbols that enables us to communicate our thoughts/feelings
- Phonemes
- Basic units of sound
- Morphemes
- Smallest meaningful units of speech
- Grammar
- System of rules for a language
- Syntax
- Set of rules that regulates the order of words
- Semantics
- Set of rules that enables you to derive meaning from morphemes/words
- Babbling
- Production of phonemes
- Holophrase
- Use of one word to convey meaning
- Telegraphic Speech
- Characterized by the use of a verb and noun
- Overgeneralization
- Children apply grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions
- Critical Period
- Age/time when most of learning is done
- Linguistic relativity
- Hypothesis that language determines what we can perceive